Association between Perceived Built Environment and Prevalent Hypertension among South African Adults

Table 3

Correlates of self-reported hypertension.

Variables	Univariable analysis			Multivariable analysis
	OR	95% CI	value	OR	95% CI	value
Gender
Male (ref)
Female	2.53	1.61–3.97	<0.001	2.43	1.41–4.17	<0.001
Age
35–44 (ref)
45–54	3.86	2.26–6.57	<0.001	4.39	2.50–7.73	<0.001
55+	9.79	5.81–16.48	<0.001	11.99	6.84–21.01	<0.001
Education level
Primary (ref)
Secondary	0.73	0.33–1.61	0.438	0.95	0.38–2.38	0.950
Tertiary	1.20	0.41–3.48	0.737	1.54	0.45–5.26	0.494
Location
Rural (ref)
Urban	2.26	1.61–3.16	<0.001	1.74	1.03–2.92	0.038
BMI
Normal (ref)
Overweight	2.42	1.45–4.04	0.001	2.00	1.12–3.58	0.019
Obesity	3.43	2.21–5.32	<0.001	2.21	1.32–3.72	0.003
Physical activity level
<150 min/week (ref)
>150 min/week	1.23	0.88–1.83	0.203	1.16	0.75–1.79	0.504
Land use mix-diversity
≤20 min (ref)
≥21 min	1.96	1.51–3.34	0.013	2.37	1.24–4.55	0.009
Land use mix-access
Disagree (ref)
Agree	1.31	0.88–1.96	0.182	0.79	0.43–1.44	0.436
Street connectivity
Disagree (ref)
Agree	0.53	0.37–0.74	<0.001	0.64	0.35–1.17	0.149
Infrastructure for walking/cycling
Disagree (ref)
Agree	0.65	0.46–0.90	0.011	0.95	0.53–1.72	0.871
Aesthetics
Disagree (ref)
Agree	0.71	0.51–0.90	0.049	0.84	0.51–1.37	0.479
Safety from traffic
Disagree (ref)
Agree	1.46	1.04–2.03	0.027	1.17	0.66–2.06	0.599
Safety from crime
Disagree (ref)
Agree	1.44	1.03–2.02	0.036	1.21	0.72–2.04	0.469

OR: odds ratios; CI: confidence interval; odds ratios adjusted for age, gender, education, location, BMI, and physical activity in the table; bold = significant borderline.