The Ecological Perspective of Landslides at Soils with High Clay Content in the Middle Bogowonto Watershed, Central Java, Indonesia

Table 1

Physicochemical properties of soils.

Number	Soil parent material	Horizon (depth in cm)	Texture	Particle size distribution			Base saturation (%)	CEC (me/100 g)	Cation bases
				% clay	% silt	% sand			Na^+	K^+	Ca^2+	Mg^2+
									(me/100 g)
1	Volcanic ash materials	A (0–27)	Silt	10.4	80.4	9.2	39.8	38.4	0.02	0.06	11.8	3.4
		AC (27–68)	Silt	5.8	81.6	12.7	37.1	23.6	0.02	0.05	5.1	3.6
		C (68–134+)	Silt loam	8.2	67.1	24.7	50.0	20.7	0.02	0.05	6.1	4.2
2	Weathered marl	A (0–21)	Silty clay	42.2	55.1	3.8	89.6	54.9	0.40	0.08	29.7	19.0
		C (21–96+)	Silty clay	41.5	50.6	7.9		52.1	0.40	0.08	32.9	19.2
3	Weathered tuff	A (0–19)	Silt loam	10.8	70.8	18.4		64.1	0.17	0.50	49.7	24.3
		C (19–41+)	Silt loam	8.6	76.9	14.5		47.9	0.19	0.50	50.9	26.7
4	Volcanic ash materials-weathered andesitic breccias	A (0–28)	Silt	20.7	70.1	9.2	41.7	30.2	0.02	0.06	7.6	4.9
		Bw (28–49)	Clay	41.8	37.6	20.7	47.2	25.6	0.03	0.06	7.8	4.2
		C (49–92)	Silt loam	13.6	61.3	25.1	53.2	23.1	0.03	0.07	8.3	3.9
		2Bt (92–160)	Clay	46.6	32.6	20.8	71.7	29.2	0.21	0.65	14.3	5.8
		2C (160–188+)	Loam	25.3	46.4	28.4	87.9	26.4	0.23	0.68	15.5	6.8
5	Weathered andesitic breccias	A (0–30)	Silt loam	18.2	70.6	11.2		18.3	0.18	0.51	12.1	6.2
		C (30–212+)	Silt loam	11.3	73.2	15.4		27.9	0.20	0.58	16.2	7.4
6	Volcanic ash materials-altered andesitic breccias	A (0–31)	Silty clay	48.6	36.5	14.9	41.2	7.0	0.03	0.06	2.2	0.6
		C (31–74)	Silty clay loam	29.3	50.2	20.5	34.3	6.9	0.03	0.04	2.1	0.2
		2B1 (74–97)	Clay	79.4	16.7	3.9	40.6	7.3	0.02	0.05	2.3	0.6
		2B2 (97–170)	Clay	81.5	16.3	2.2	39.4	7.8	0.03	0.05	2.3	0.7
		2BC (170–199)	Clay	83.5	13.8	2.7	43.4	7.8	0.03	0.06	2.5	0.8
		2C (199–276+)	Clay	80.5	15.7	3.8	43.0	8.1	0.03	0.06	2.6	0.8
7	Weathered sandstone	A (0–28)	Loam	17.1	59.0	24.0	67.3	48.0	0.17	0.5	26.8	4.9
		Bw (28–47)	Silt loam	17.5	63.2	19.2		30.6	0.15	0.44	29.5	4.3
		C (47–106+)	Loam	16.9	61.1	22.0		33.3	0.18	0.53	30.1	3.8
8	Weathered andesitic breccias	A (0–24)	Silt loam	12.8	51.3	35.9	77.7	38.7	0.02	0.07	23.8	6.2
		C (24–87+)	Sandy loam	4.0	36.7	59.3	86.2	35.7	0.03	0.07	24.1	6.5
9	Volcanic ash materials	A (0–22)	Silt loam	27.2	55.6	17.2	37.3	29.1	0.03	0.05	8.1	2.7
		Bw (22–40)	Silty clay loam	38.3	52.6	9.1	46.4	27.1	0.03	0.05	9.2	3.3
		C (40–87)	Silt loam	23.4	54.2	22.4	60.0	23.8	0.02	0.06	10.8	3.4
		2C (87–149)	Silt loam	18.8	50.3	30.9	67.1	19.8	0.03	0.07	8.8	4.4
		3C (149–191+)	Silt loam	17.2	69.6	13.2	74.9	22.4	0.02	0.07	11.8	4.9
10	Volcanic ash materials	A (0–29)	Silt loam	17.2	69.6	13.2	43.6	24.9	0.02	0.04	6.1	4.7
		C (29–78)	Silt loam	14.1	70.8	15.1	65.1	19.3	0.03	0.05	7.2	5.3
		2Bw (78–96)	Silty clay loam	30.8	54.6	14.6	32.6	29.3	0.02	0.05	5.8	3.7
		2C (96–168)	Silt loam	19.8	50.3	29.9	46.9	26.8	0.02	0.07	8.2	4.3
		3C (168–220+)	Silt loam	16.9	52.3	31.8	47.8	23.2	0.03	0.07	6.2	4.8
11	Altered andesitic breccias	A (0–27)	Clay	63.6	20.5	15.9	31.7	7.1	0.02	0.03	1.8	0.4
		B1 (27–59)	Clay	76.4	18.0	5.6	32.0	7.7	0.03	0.04	1.9	0.5
		B2 (59–90)	Clay	87.3	11.6	1.1	33.2	8.3	0.02	0.04	2.1	0.6
		B3 (90–157)	Clay	83.2	15.9	0.9	32.2	8.6	0.02	0.05	2.1	0.6
		BC (157–216)	Clay	62.4	31.2	6.4	36.7	8.4	0.03	0.06	2.4	0.6
		C (216–274 +)	Clay	63.0	23.5	13.5	35.5	8.7	0.03	0.06	2.4	0.6
12	Altered andesitic breccias	A (0–26)	Clay	66.6	27.0	6.4	67.6	38.7	0.03	0.08	21.8	4.3
		C (26–91+)	Clay	60.1	30.4	9.5	77.3	37.2	0.02	0.07	23.1	5.6
13	Weathered andesitic breccias	A (0–23)	Silt loam	11.6	61.5	26.9	67.8	31.0	0.23	0.65	14.3	5.8
		C (23–138+)	Silt loam	10.9	55.0	34.0	90.3	25.8	0.24	0.68	15.5	6.8
14	Altered andesitic breccias	A (0–28)	Clay	66.2	25.0	8.8	67.9	50.1	0.21	0.61	24.4	8.8
		AC (28–58)	Clay	71.5	21.7	6.8		55.4	0.23	0.66	32.6	27.7
		C (58–164)	Clay	57.6	32.7	9.7		56.4	0.23	0.68	35.1	28.4
15	Altered andesitic breccias	A (0–27)	Clay	77.5	18.5	4.1	44.9	28.8	0.03	0.08	8.3	4.5
		Bt (27–69)	Clay	85.7	12.1	2.2	67.3	19.4	0.03	0.08	6.8	6.1
		C (69–148+)	Clay	58.2	34.5	7.3	64.7	24.6	0.03	0.08	9.3	6.4
16	Weathered andesitic breccias	A (0–27)	Silt loam	14.0	80.3	5.5	74.4	19.9	0.26	0.74	8.9	5.0
		C (27–186)	Silt loam	10.8	70.5	18.5	75.6	17.1	0.21	0.61	8.2	4.0

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