A Text-Based Chat System Embodied with an Expressive Agent

Table 1

Summarized related works in the literature.

Article	Agent’s appearance	Inputs/sensors	Actions	Agent’s communication type	Application
Kurlander et al. [6]	2D comic characters	Text; emotional wheel	Display gesture; generate text balloons	Both verbal and nonverbal	Entertainments
Nagao and Takeuchi [7]	3D face model	Human voice	Displays facial expressions and gestures; generates voice	Both verbal and nonverbal	Entertainments
Vilhjalmsson and Cassell [8]	3D upper body of a cartoon like character	Cursor key; mouse; text	Generates gestures: glance, smile, wave, head nod, raising brows	Nonverbal	Chatting
Loyall and Bates [9]	An ellipsoid with eyes	Observes the virtual environment	Jump, turn, squash, puff up, slide, change color, move eyes, and so on	Nonverbal	Entertainment
Mount [10]	Photo unreal representation of a female	Text input (queries by customer or visitors)	Answers queries; generates gestures: blink eyes, raising eye brows, smiles, tilts, and so on	Both verbal and nonverbal	Virtual customer care agent (Anna) in IKEA.com
Cassell et al. [11]	Computer generated human	Camera; audio; input text	Generates voice; displays facial expression and gestures	Both verbal and nonverbal	Virtual real estate agent (REA)
Riccardo and Peiro [12]	3D female facial model	Input text; camera; human voice	Speaks Italian language; copies human movement	Both verbal and nonverbal	Research
Kramer et al. [13]	Virtual male agent	Audio	Speak; displays appointments	Both verbal and nonverbal	Assistive system for elderly and cognitively impaired users
Ameixa et al. [14]	Animated agent	Input text (user requests)	Replies using knowledge based system	Verbal	Research
Youssef et al. [15]	Female animated agent	Camera; audio	Leads discussions; proposes conversations; reacts in response to interviewee	Both verbal and nonverbal	Virtual recruiter
Straßmann et al. [16]	Humanoid male agent	-	Displays nonverbal behavior: dominant, submissive, cooperative, and noncooperative	Nonverbal	Research
Kopp et al. [17]	Animated agent	Keyboard; camera; audio	Generates voice; displays nonverbal behavior	Both verbal and nonverbal	Virtual guide in a public computer museum
Vosinakis and Panayiotopoulos [18]	3D model of an agent/avatar or any object	-	Can use features such as path finding, inverse kinematics, and planning to achieve their goals	Nonverbal	Research
Formolo and Bosse [19]	Animated agent	Audio; input text	Changes behavior	Nonverbal	Research
Gratch et al. [20]	Animated agent	Camera; audio	Speaks German language; copies the gesture of one user and shows it to the other user	Both verbal and nonverbal	Entertainment
Kim et al. [21]	3D humanoid agent	Input text	Generates movements and dialogues; generates gaze	Both verbal and nonverbal	Social interaction
Weise et al. [22]	Digital character	Kinect; audio	Copies the user gesture and voice	Both verbal and nonverbal	Digital game play; social interaction
mocitotalk [23]	Animated agent	Camera; audio	Generates an animate agent, copies action, and so on	Both verbal and nonverbal	Entertainment
Alam and Hoque [24]	Male and female agent	Input text	Generates facial expressions with motions (such as head movement and eye blinks)	Nonverbal	Chatting