Advances in the Cognitive Management of Chronic Pain in Children through the Use of Virtual Reality Combined with Binaural Beats: A Pilot Study

Table 3

Descriptive analysis of the three study variables: PAIN, HR, and GSR, and two transformed variables: PAIN INCREMENT and PAIN CONTRAST.

Variable	Subvariable	Group	N	Mean	SD
Pain	PRE	C	13	1.846	3.023
		E	9	2.611	2.667
	VR	C	13	1.115	1.960
		E	9	1.556	2.228
	VR + M	C	13	1.038	1.941
		E	9	1.278	1.481
	VR + M + BB	C	13	0.923	1.742
		E	9	1.000	1.299
HR	PRE	C	11	127.7	29.72
		E	3	108.6	12.04
	VR	C	11	130.4	10.67
		E	3	117.8	11.26
	VR + M	C	11	130.1	12.89
		E	3	132.5	18.19
	VR + M + BB	C	11	128.8	25.41
		E	3	138.5	24.53
GSR	VR	C	13	2.220	2.741
		E	6	4.047	5.302
	VR + M	C	13	2.169	2.546
		E	6	3.157	4.509
	VR + M + BB	C	13	1.825	2.534
		E	6	3.530	5.621
Pain contrast	VR	C	13	−0.731	1.333
		E	8	−1.063	1.208
	VR + M	C	13	−0.808	1.601
		E	8	−1.375	1.529
	BB	C	13	−0.923	1.789
		E	8	−1.688	1.668
Pain increment	VR	C	13	−0.500	3.536
		E	8	−2.000
	VR + M	C	13	−2.250	1.768
		E	8	0.500
	VR + M + BB	C	13	−1.500	0.707
		E	8	−1.000
HR increment	VR	C	12	10.625	26.41
		E	4	32.970	68.72
	VR + M	C	12	−9.561	40.51
		E	4	5.060	11.92
	VR + M + BB	C	12	−4.156	28.04
		E	4	10.688	22.61
GSR increment	VR	C	12	1.424	2.921
		E	6	1.585	1.734
	VR + M	C	12	0.501	1.602
		E	6	2.023	4.921
	VR + M + BB	C	12	−0.227	0.743
		E	6	−0.060	1.684

Data collected with artifacts have been removed from the analysis. E refers to the experimental group. C refers to the comparison group.