Particle Production in Strong Electromagnetic Fields in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

<table>The mean absolute value of (a) magnetic field and (b) electric field at <svg height="11.125" id="M50" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.5 11.125" width="33.5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
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q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" id="x30"></path></g>
</svg> and <svg height="11.125" id="M51" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 35.25 11.125" width="35.25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><path d="M28 461h190v-82q35 51 66 72.5t69 21.5q35 0 58 -22.5t23 -56.5q0 -30 -17.5 -49t-45.5 -19q-37 0 -60 38q-14 23 -28 23q-26 0 -43.5 -30t-17.5 -74v-177q0 -48 13.5 -63.5t58.5 -18.5v-24h-265v24q33 6 43.5 17.5t10.5 42.5v289q0 35 -10.5 47t-44.5 17v24z" id="x1D42B"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.319,10.862)"><path d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" id="x3D"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,27.023,10.862)"><path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105
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</svg> as a function of impact parameter <svg height="12.4375" id="M52" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.1000004 12.4375" width="8.1000004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><path d="M452 333q0 -82 -46 -164t-116 -128q-81 -53 -158 -53q-26 0 -51 13t-37 32q-26 41 -6 134l91 431q7 40 2.5 47t-34.5 7h-33l2 25q36 4 72.5 13t58.5 15.5t28 6.5q10 0 4 -29l-91 -391h2q65 77 130 116.5t105 39.5q36 0 56.5 -32t20.5 -83zM365 316q0 76 -35 76
q-31 0 -93.5 -49t-107.5 -110q-12 -37 -17 -70q-9 -65 12 -96.5t59 -31.5q31 0 56 14q53 29 89.5 105t36.5 162z" id="x1D44F"></path></g>
</svg> for <svg height="11.6375" id="M53" style="vertical-align:-0.16379pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 40.275002 11.6375" width="40.275002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.362)"><path d="M673 0h-245v28q47 6 58 16t1 39l-55 154h-213q-31 -87 -36 -129q-16 -47 -5 -61t68 -19v-28h-226v28q50 7 68.5 23.5t43.5 80.5l214 524l24 9l193 -536q23 -63 41.5 -79.5t68.5 -21.5v-28zM418 280l-81 255h-2q-74 -197 -101 -255h184z" id="x41"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,11.112,11.362)"><path d="M518 50v-26q-32 -4 -77 -16l-37 -11t-33 -9l-6 6v71q-56 -42 -74 -52q-43 -25 -77 -25q-55 0 -89.5 36.5t-34.5 112.5v196q0 38 -6.5 48.5t-26.5 15.5l-28 6v23q19 1 72 7q59 9 71 11q-3 -31 -3 -145v-135q0 -113 88 -113q59 0 108 48v234q0 38 -8 49t-34 15l-36 6v23
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</svg> collision at <svg height="17.125" id="M54" style="vertical-align:-4.05135pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 84.8125 17.125" width="84.8125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.862)"><path d="M782 703l-309 -950l-231 505l-91 -47l-18 35l147 78l194 -431h2l264 810h42z" id="x221A"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,90,90)">
<path d="m -61.56,70.93 22.24,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.68000001;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.05,12.012)"><path d="M352 391q0 -31 -27 -44q-14 -7 -24 6q-39 48 -84 48q-23 0 -39.5 -15t-16.5 -40q0 -43 73 -90q49 -32 70 -58t21 -57q0 -58 -62 -105.5t-129 -47.5q-40 0 -75.5 25t-35.5 52q0 28 32 46q7 4 15 3t11 -6q19 -31 48.5 -50.5t54.5 -19.5q34 0 54 19.5t20 42.5q0 43 -65 81
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<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,19.425,16.1)"><path d="M857 650l-6 -28q-44 -4 -61.5 -16.5t-29.5 -48.5q-11 -32 -37 -166l-78 -399h-29l-351 537h-4l-56 -276q-24 -120 -24 -164q0 -35 17.5 -46t75.5 -15l-6 -28h-245l7 28q41 2 62 14t31 44q10 30 41 171l53 245q8 44 6.5 60.5t-14.5 33.5q-10 15 -27 19.5t-64 6.5l6 28h153
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<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,45.562,12.012)"><path d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" id="x3D"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,60.266,12.012)"><path d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" id="x32"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,68.426,12.012)"><path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105
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</svg> GeV.</table>

Advances in High Energy Physics

fig3

Figure 3

Figure 3: Particle Production in Strong Electromagnetic Fields in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions 