On Dynamical Net-Charge Fluctuations within a Hadron Resonance Gas Approach

Tawfik, Abdel Nasser; Abou-Salem, L. I.; Shalaby, Asmaa G.; Hanafy, M.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2475916

Advances in High Energy Physics

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2016 | Article ID 2475916 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2475916

On Dynamical Net-Charge Fluctuations within a Hadron Resonance Gas Approach

Abdel Nasser Tawfik,^1,2L. I. Abou-Salem,³Asmaa G. Shalaby,³and M. Hanafy³

Academic Editor: Aurelio Juste

Received12 Jan 2016

Revised26 Feb 2016

Accepted11 Apr 2016

Published27 Apr 2016

Abstract

The dynamical net-charge fluctuations () in different particle ratios , , and are calculated from the hadron resonance gas (HRG) model and compared with STAR central Au+Au collisions at GeV and NA49 central Pb+Pb collisions at GeV. The three charged particle ratios (, and ) are determined as total and average of opposite and average of the same charges. We find an excellent agreement between the HRG calculations and the experimental measurements, especially from STAR beam energy scan (BES) program, while the strange particles in the NA49 experiment at lower Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) energies are not reproduced by the HRG approach. We conclude that the utilized HRG version seems to take into consideration various types of correlations including strong interactions through the heavy resonances and their decays especially at BES energies.

1. Introduction

The heavy-ion experiments are designed to study the nuclear matter under extreme conditions of high temperature or density or both of them [1]. A new state of matter called quark-gluon plasma (QGP), which is conjectured to shape the cosmic background geometry in a few microseconds after the Big Bang, is assumed to be created in heavy-ion collisions [2] and predicted by the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [3]. The quark-hadron phase transition can be characterized by many experimental signatures [4–11] such as the net-charge fluctuations of various produced particles [9, 11–13].

The net-charge fluctuations can be measured [12–17] and calculated [8–10] in terms of different quantities such as the variance of the charge , the variance of the charge ratios , the fluctuation of charged particle ratios , and the dynamical net-charge fluctuations . , , and are affected by the measurement conditions such as the detector acceptance, the global charge conservation, the charge asymmetry, the background contributions, and the random efficiency loss [9, 18]. is the only quantity which can be measured independent of the detector acceptance; see, for instance, [9]. Furthermore, is suitable for the calculations with antisymmetric charge distribution and the conservation of global charge [18].

For the sake of completeness, we mention that, in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, the event-by-event dynamical charge, the baryon number, and the strangeness fluctuations have been intensively investigated [7]. It was proposed that the dynamical charge fluctuations of positively to negatively charged pions give a measure for the number of rho- and omega-resonances which are likely produced through the hadronization process (quark-hadron phase transition) [7]. Therefore, the dynamical charge fluctuations have been proposed as a signature for the QGP formation [8] because the charge fluctuations are directly proportional to the square of the electric charge. In case of stable QGP, the charge fluctuations are slightly smaller than that in the hadron phase, due to the conservation of the charge fluctuations normalized to the entropy. Again, this signature was proposed because the fluctuations taking place in QGP are likely to be reduced through the rapid hadronization process [8, 19]. Also, processes such as rescattering and resonance decay may weaken such fluctuations. The resonance decay which occurs after hadronization and stops at the stage of chemical freezeout should principally be distinguished from the resonance decay which shall be taken into consideration in the HRG approach. Furthermore, the dynamical charge fluctuations in QGP era are remarkably reduced from the ones characterizing the early stages of the heavy-ion collision which can be described by quarks and gluons degrees of freedom [20]. This illustrates the importance of considering the propagation of fluctuations from the very early stages of the collisions to the state of chemical freezeout via hadronization and other processes before drawing any conclusions about these fluctuations as a reflection of the QGP formation. The temporal evolution of this propagation can be evaluated by means of transport approaches, for instance. In the present work, we utilize a statistical approach, which characterizes very well the produced particles in their final state [21]. The studies of net-charge dynamical fluctuations, among others, are experimental tools to probe the final state of QCD processes.

In principle, the fluctuations can be estimated from statistical approaches as variance, covariance, or higher-order moment [21]. The dependence of mean transverse momentum and balance fluctuations on momentum is an essential tool to measure the fluctuations [22]. Any possible difference between the calculations and the measurements can be attributed to certain novel dynamics. These correlation functions are emerged as identical pion Hanbury Brown-Twiss (HBT) correlations [23].

So far, the charge fluctuations have been analysed in several experiments. The PHENIX experiment has found that the charge fluctuations are consistent with that in hadron resonance gas (HRG) if the latter are extrapolated to larger detector acceptance, while the earlier are measured with a small rapidity acceptance [16]. The STAR experiment confirmed the PHENIX findings [6]. At SPS energies, both CERES [16] and NA49 [24] have reported consistency with pure pion gas predictions. Recently, the STAR experiment [25] measured the dependence of the dynamical net-charge fluctuations of , , and on the beam energy scan (BES) energies, GeV [6]. The variance of the net-charge fluctuations has been estimated as a function of multiplicity, azimuthal coverage of the detector, and centrality [16] and are given as functions of the collision participants and the pseudorapidity, as well [12].

We present HRG calculations for the energy dependence of the dynamical net-charge fluctuations in different particle ratios: , , and . We have considered three cases, total-charge ratios and average of the same and average of the opposite signs. We focus on as it is considered as a clean experimental signature not suffering from problems such as global charge conservation, charge asymmetry, background contributions, random efficiency loss, and volume fluctuations.

The present paper is organized as follows. The formalism of the HRG model is introduced in Section 2.1. Section 2.2 elaborates the net-charge fluctuations in particle ratios. The results and discussion of the net-charge fluctuations in , , and are presented in Section 3. In Section 4, the final conclusions are outlined.

2. Formalism

2.1. Hadron Resonance Gas Model

The thermodynamic properties can be directly derived from the partition function . In a grand canonical ensemble [26]where is the inverse of the temperature (), represents the Hamiltonian of the system, is the number of particles, is the volume of the interacting system, and is the chemical potential. The Hamiltonian is included as it contains all relevant degrees of freedom of the confined and the strongly interacting medium and implicitly includes other types of interactions which result in the resonances formation [26–30]. The grand canonical ensemble has two important features: the kinetic energies and the summation over all degrees of freedom and energies of the hadron resonances. As Hagedorn proposed, the formation of resonances can only be achieved through strong interactions, that is, “resonances (fireballs) are composed of further resonances (fireballs), which in turn consist of resonances (fireballs) and so on.” This simply means that the contributions of the various hadron resonances to the total partition function are the same as those of ideal collisionless constituents with an effective mass. At a temperature compatible with the resonance half-width, the effective mass approaches the physical one [3]. This implies that at high temperatures even strong interactions are conjectured to be taken into consideration through including heavy resonances.

Therefore, the partition function, (1), of a hadron resonance gas can be summed over the number of the hadron resonances composing the HRG degrees of freedom [31]where are the chemical potentials related to the baryon number, the strangeness, and the electric charge, respectively. The chemical potentials () can be related to the nucleus-nucleus center-of-mass energy (), phenomenologically [21, 32, 33], where GeV and .

It should be highlighted that the hadron resonances with masses up to 2 GeV include a suitable set of constituents needed for the partition function. The concrete number of constituents does not matter. Nevertheless, this can be determined from the latest update (2014) of the particle data group. We have included all mesons and baryons having masses ≤ 2 GeV. Such a mass cut is defined in order to avoid the singularity expected at the Hagedorn temperature [26–29]. The strong interactions are assumed to be taken into consideration. In light of this, the validity of HRG is limited to temperatures below the critical one, .

In high energy experiments, the produced particles and their correlations and fluctuations are believed to provide essential information about the nature, size, and composition of the QCD matter from which they are stemming. The freezeout parameters have been determined at various center-of-mass energies . These are temperature and baryon chemical potential . The chemical freezeout is a stage in which the inelastic collisions entirely cease and the relative particle yields and ratios get fixed. As given in (3), is related to (also can be given in dependence on ). versus has been phenomenologically described, the so-called freezeout conditions, for instance, [21]. Accordingly, temperatures and baryon chemical potentials can be determined for each beam energy, for instance, (3). Further interrelations can be taken from [21, 32, 33].

The th hadron (resonance) partition function can be written aswhere stand for fermions and bosons, respectively, , and the fugacity factor [28] is given bywhere , , and are baryon, strange, and charge quantum number of th hadron resonance.

The number density can be obtained as [31]In Section 2.2, the dynamical net-charge fluctuations shall be derived in the HRG approach.

In determining as an example on all other thermodynamic quantities, we take into account contributions from possible decay channels. Thus for th species, the final particle number density is calculated as where is the decay branching ratio of th into th hadron resonance and is the number density of th resonance that decays in the particle species of interest.

2.2. Dynamical Net-Charge Fluctuations

Predicting the phase transition can be achieved through different signatures such as the fluctuations of the net-charges of the produced particles. As discussed in previous sections, the net-charge fluctuations as a signature for QGP formation is best accessible through [9, 18].

The standard deviation which describes the fluctuations in ratio, for instance, is given as [34–36]where and represent the number of charged protons and pions, respectively. The covariance measures how much two random variables change with each other. The variance is a special case of covariance if the variables are identical. The quantity gives the statistical average of the integrals or multiplicities of the simultaneous correlation of the production of both and .

Equation (8) can be rewritten asThe last two terms in (9) represent static net-charge fluctuations in Poisson’s limit (uncorrelated particle production, i.e., just statistical). Then, the charge dependence of the dynamical net-charge fluctuations for charge ratio can be given in terms of second-order factorial moments [37–39], and/or , and the covariance ,The dynamical fluctuations are related to single- and two-particle multiplicities. Straightforwardly, the expressions for and ratios can be derived as in (10). For more information about the net-charge fluctuations, the readers are kindly advised to consult [40–43].

The net-charge dynamical fluctuations () may be affected by uncertainties arising from volume fluctuations and thus the study of particle (charge) ratio fluctuations is assumed to largely eliminate these uncertainties. might be influenced by the charge conservation and simultaneously by the limited charge available on the onset on the collision [9]. The study of particle (charge) ratio gives a measure for the relative correlation strength of particle pairs. Negative signifies a dominant contribution from correlated particle pairs.

In the statistical thermal model, the main source of correlations is the resonance decay; that is, the second term in (7) is the only source of different-species correlations. For instance, baryon decaying into a nucleon and a pion certainly results in proton-pion correlation. Similarly, the difference between and must come from a strange baryon decay.

3. Results and Discussion

In Figure 1, the dynamical net-charge fluctuations calculated from the HRG model are given as a function of beam energy for various charge ratios , , and . The HRG calculations are compared with STAR [25] (solid symbols) and NA49 [34] (open triangles) measurements. For each charge ratio, three different cases are considered, namely, the total dynamical fluctuations and the average of the same and of opposite charge-signs, which are characterized by solid, dashed, double-dot-dashed curves, respectively. The charge dependence of the dynamical net-charge fluctuations is conjectured to give detailed information about the correlations of various produced particles (charges) and on how they are correlated with each other.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 1(a) shows for charge ratio as a function of the beam energy. The HRG calculations are compared with STAR measurement in central 0–5% Au+Au collisions at GeV [25] and NA49 for total charged particle ratios in central 0–3.5% Pb+Pb collisions at GeV [34]. The three cases, namely, dynamical fluctuations for total charges , average of the same charges , and average of opposite signs are compared with each other. Only charge ratios have positive dynamical fluctuations, which remain constant with increasing the beam energy. Almost the same dependence is also observed in the average of the same charges but with negative dynamical net-charge fluctuations. The average of opposite charges has a stronger energy dependence. It is obvious that the dynamical fluctuations of opposite-charged ratios have larger negative values, which decline with increasing of the collision energy, than that of the same-charged ratios. The negative values for the dynamical net-charge fluctuations can be understood from (10). The last term (the correlation term) seems to have a larger value than the first two terms. Thus, the largest negative values obtained in opposite-charged particle ratios mean a remarkably larger cross-correlation of these two charges.

Figure 1(b) presents the same as in Figure 1(a) but for charge ratio. The dynamical fluctuations for total charges increase and then saturate with increasing . The dynamical fluctuations of average of the same-charged particles obviously increase with the energy. For oppositely charged particles ratios the dynamical fluctuations first decrease and then increase with increasing of the energy. Such a remarkable dependence needs a further confirmation at lower energies. Unfortunately, no experimental measurements are available so far. This might be possible with the Nuclotron-Based Ion Collider Facility (NICA) future facility at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) at Dubna, Russia, and the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) at Darmstadt, Germany. We observe that the values of the dynamical fluctuations of are always negative. This means that the produced kaons and protons are strongly correlated over all beam energies.

Figure 1(c) depicts the same as in previous panels but for charge ratios. Their total-charge dynamical fluctuations slightly increase with the energy. Oppositely charged particles ratios first decrease and then increase with the energy. Again, further experimental measurements at lower energies shall play a crucial role in confirming this remarkable dependence. The dynamical fluctuations of the same-signed increase with the energy. As in charged particles ratios, here the dynamical fluctuations are always negative.

We have observed that the dynamical net-charge fluctuations possess a remarkable dependence on the beam energy, from which we follow the change in their values and thus might be able to signal the impact of QGP formation. The excellent agreement between the HRG calculations and the STAR measurements gives indication for the statistical origin of the particle production (charges). The excellent agreement reveals that the HRG fluctuations reproduce the ones for the produced particles which are conjectured to undergo a quark-hadron phase transition. The phase transition itself is not accessible by the HRG model due to absence of the underlying dynamics and missing of the degrees of freedom at least of the QGP phase. On the other hand, the produced particles in their final state (chemical freezeout) are likely affected by the QCD phase transition(s). For the sake of completeness, the version of the HRG model we have utilized in the present work [21] is conjectured to take into consideration various types of correlations including the strong interactions through the summation over heavy resonances [3]. While the HRG calculations are excellently consistent with the results from STAR experiment, they are not compatible with the NA49 measurements, especially for strange particles at lower SPS energies. Besides strangeness production at low energies, the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) experiments are well suited for weak decay contributions and operate various specialized detectors which is not the case for the SPS experiments [44].

4. Conclusions

In the present work, the dynamical net-charge fluctuations which are proposed as signatures of the QGP formation are calculated from by using the HRG approach, in which the entire list of baryons and mesons with masses ≤ 2 GeV from the latest particle data group is taken into account. This includes stable hadrons and unstable resonances. The latter can be decaying into the particles (charges) of interest and therefore their branching ratios are taken into consideration. For the sake of completeness, we emphasize that the constituents of the HRG models are assumed as point-like particles, that is, no excluded-volume corrections were added. is considered as a suitable measurable quantity for the dynamical net-charge fluctuations. We have calculated the charge dependence of the dynamical net-charge fluctuations in , , and charge ratios and compared the results with the STAR and NA49 corresponding measurements. An excellent agreement with the STAR BES results for the three charge ratios at GeV is obtained. On the other hand, HRG agrees well with NA49 results at top SPS energies. But at lower SPS energies, HRG is not capable of reproducing NA49 dynamical net-charge fluctuations for strange particles, particularly. We found that only are positive. All other charge ratios and combinations of various charges result in negative net-charge fluctuations indicating that the cross term, last term in (10), the correlated particle pair, is dominant against the first two terms (single uncorrelated particle). Thus, we conclude that the correlations between charge ratios are larger than the dynamical fluctuations in the noncorrelated charges.

To the authors’ knowledge this is the first time in which the HRG approach is implemented in calculating the dynamical net-charge fluctuations () for different charge ratios as a function of energy and compared with STAR and NA49 experiments. We conclude that, at least, the HRG version utilized in the present work (all particle data group’s baryons and baryons with masses ≤ 2 GeV and possible branching ratios (decay channels in the particles or charges of interest) but no excluded-volume corrections) seems to count for various types of correlations including the strong interactions obviously through the sum over heavy resonances, especially at BES energies.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2016 Abdel Nasser Tawfik et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

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