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Yang, Bingfang; Liu, Zhiyong; Han, Jinzhong; Yang, Guang

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2613187

Advances in High Energy Physics

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2016 | Article ID 2613187 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2613187

Single Top and Higgs Associated Production in the Minimal Model at the LHC

Bingfang Yang,¹Zhiyong Liu,¹Jinzhong Han,²and Guang Yang³

Academic Editor: Juan José Sanz-Cillero

Received17 Apr 2016

Accepted31 Jul 2016

Published28 Sept 2016

Abstract

We study the single top production in association with a Higgs boson in the extension of the Standard Model at the LHC. We calculate the production cross sections of the processes in this model. We further study the observability of the process through and find that it is still challenging for the 14 TeV LHC with high luminosity to detect this signal.

1. Introduction

In July 2012, a Higgs-like resonance with mass has been discovered by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) [1, 2]. So far, all the measurements of the discovered new particle [3–10] are well compatible with the scalar boson predicted by the Standard Model (SM) [11–15].

It is well known that the SM cannot be the final theory of nature. Theoretically, successful explanation of some problems, such as the hierarchy problem, requires new physics beyond the SM near the TeV scale. Experimentally, the solid evidence for neutrino oscillation is one of the firm hints for new physics. The minimal extension of the SM that we consider in this paper is that the SM gauge groups are augmented by a symmetry, where and represent the baryon number and lepton number, respectively. The gauge symmetry can explain the presence of three right-handed neutrinos and provide a natural framework for the seesaw mechanism [16, 17]. In addition, it is worth noting that symmetry breaking can take place at the TeV scale, hence giving rise to new and interesting TeV scale phenomenology.

The Yukawa couplings play an important role in probing the new physics since they are sensitive to new flavor dynamics. The top quark is the heaviest particle discovered and owns the strongest Yukawa coupling. The top quark Yukawa coupling is speculated to be sensitive to the electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) mechanism and new physics. The production process is a golden channel for directly probing the top Yukawa coupling; however, this process cannot provide the information on the relative sign between the coupling of the Higgs to fermions and to vector bosons. As a beneficial supplement, the production process can bring a unique possibility [18–21] and many relevant works have been carried out [22–34].

The model predicts heavy neutrinos, a TeV scale extra neutral gauge boson, and an additional heavy neutral Higgs, which makes the model phenomenologically rich. The heavy Higgs state mixes with the SM Higgs boson so that some Higgs couplings are modified and this effect can also influence the process of single top and Higgs associated production. Besides, the process of single top and heavy Higgs associated production deserves attention, which is equally important for understanding the EWSB and probing new physics. Performing the detailed analysis on this process may provide a good opportunity to probe the model signal.

The paper is structured as follows. In Section 2 we review the model related to our work. In Section 3 we first calculate the production cross sections of the single top and associated production at the LHC and then explore the observability of -channel process through by performing a parton-level simulation. Finally, we make a summary in Section 4.

2. A Brief Review of the Model

The minimal extension of the SM [35–42] is based on the gauge group with the classical conformal symmetry. Under this gauge symmetry, the invariance of the Lagrangian implies the existence of a new gauge boson. In order to make the model free from all the gauge and gravitational anomalies, three generations of right-handed neutrinos are necessarily introduced.

The Lagrangian for Yang-Mills and fermionic sectors is given by where , , and are, respectively, the and gauge fields, and the fields’ charges are the usual SM and ones. The non-Abelian field strengths not included here are the same as in the SM. In this field basis, the covariant derivative is

In this model, the most general gauge-invariant and renormalizable scalar Lagrangian can be expressed as with the scalar potential given by To determine the condition for the potential to be bounded from below, the couplings , , and should be related as We denote the vacuum expectation values (VEVs) of and by and , respectively, and the nonzero minimums are given by where and are the EWSB scale and the symmetry breaking scale, respectively.

From the mass terms in the scalar potential, the mass matrix between the two Higgs bosons in the basis can be given by The mass eigenstates are related via the mixing matrix where the mixing angle () satisfies The masses of the physical Higgs bosons and are given by where and are light SM-like and heavy Higgs bosons, respectively.

To complete the discussion on the Lagrangian, we write down the Yukawa term, which in addition to the SM terms has interactions involving the right-handed neutrinos : where and run within 1~3. The VEV of the field breaks the symmetry and generates the Majorana masses for the right-handed neutrinos and the Dirac masses for the light neutrinos.

In terms of the mixing angle , the couplings of and with the fermions and gauge bosons can be expressed as follows: where denotes the SM fermions and with is the usual Weinberg angle.

3. Numerical Results and Discussions

For the single top and Higgs associated production, the three processes of interest are characterized by the virtuality of the boson in the process [43]: (i) -channel, where the is spacelike; (ii) -channel, where the is timelike; (iii) -associated production channel, where there is emission of a real boson. In the model, the lowest-order Feynman diagrams of the -channel process are shown in Figure 1, the -channel process is shown in Figure 2 and the -associated production channel process is shown in Figure 3. We can see that the Feynman diagrams for these processes are the same as the corresponding SM processes. Moreover, the conjugate processes where is replaced by have been included in our calculations.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

We compute the cross sections by using CalcHEP 3.6.25 [44] with the parton distribution function CTEQ6L [45] and set the renormalization scale and factorization scale to be , . The SM input parameters are taken as follows [46]:

In our calculations, the relevant model parameters are the mixing parameter and the heavy Higgs mass . Considering the constraints in [47–50], we choose the parameter space as follows: , .

3.1. Single Top and Associated Production

In Figure 4, we show the production cross sections of the processes , , and as a function of at the 8 and 14 TeV LHC in the model, respectively. For clarity, we marked the corresponding SM process cross sections on the figures. We can see that the cross sections in the model decrease with increasing . Besides, the behavior of these three processes is similar for the 8 TeV and 14 TeV. This is easy to understand because there is the same change factor in the light Higgs couplings in (12) so that the production cross sections are suppressed by ; that is, . When , the mixing between the light Higgs and the heavy Higgs will decouple so that the cross sections go back to the SM values.

3.2. Single Top and Associated Production

In Figures 5 and 6, we show the production cross sections of the processes , , and as a function of at the 8 and 14 TeV LHC in the model, respectively. In order to see the influence of the heavy Higgs mass on the production cross sections, we take as example. We can see that the cross sections increase with increasing , which is because the heavy Higgs couplings in (12) are proportional to so that the cross sections are proportional to .

3.3. Observability of

The -channel process dominates amongst these three production modes at the LHC, so we will explore the observability through the -channel at 14 TeV LHC in the following section. The three most dominant decay modes of the heavy Higgs are , , and [51]. Though the branching fraction of is smaller than the branching fractions of and , the signal is much easier to separate from SM backgrounds. For the decay modes, the leptonic decay mode of offers the cleanest possible signatures though the dijet and semileptonic decay modes of are larger. This leptonic decay mode has been studied in the heavy Higgs production at the LHC and it found that a heavy Higgs boson of mass smaller than 500 GeV can be discovered at the LHC with high luminosity (HL-LHC) [50]. In our work, we concentrate on the channel as shown in Figure 7, where decays to two bosons and the two bosons subsequently decay to four leptons. The signal is characterized by where denotes the light jets and . The largest background for this process comes from the production mode that will generate the same final state.

(a)

(b)

We generate the signal and background events with MadGraph5 [52] and perform the parton shower and the fast detector simulations with PYTHIA [53] and Delphes [54]. To simulate -tagging, we take moderate single -tagging efficiency for -jet in the final state. Following the analysis on signature by ATLAS and CMS collaborations [55, 56] at the LHC Run-I, the events are selected to satisfy the criteria as follows:

Due to the small signal cross section, this process has a low signal-to-background ratio at the LHC. In this case, we will focus on enhancing the systematic significance . Considering the transverse momentum of the leptons has little effect on the signal-to-background ratio and the systematic significance, we do not use it as selection cuts here. After analysis, we will adopt the following two cuts; the relevant normalized distributions of the kinematic variables for GeV, with respect to the background are shown in Figure 8.

Firstly, we impose the cut GeV to separate signal from background. This cut can improve both the signal-to-background ratio and the systematic significance .

After that, we apply the invariant mass of the four-lepton system to further isolate the signal and let lie in the range GeV. We can see that the signal-to-background ratio is improved and the systematic significance is enhanced obviously.

The cut-flow cross sections of the signal and background for 14 TeV LHC are summarized in Table 1. For clarity, we also give the cut efficiency of the signal events in Table 1. After all cuts above, we can see that the systematic significance is substantially improved. For the HL-LHC with a final integrated luminosity of , the signal-to-background ratio can reach 1.6 and systematic significance can reach 2.86 for GeV, . Furthermore, we can compute the number of of signal events and background events and find that and for the luminosity of . Unfortunately, we can see that the number of signal events is very small because of the small leptonic branching ratio of the boson, which will be a trouble for detecting this signal at the LHC.

4. Summary

In the minimal extension of the SM, we investigated the single top and Higgs associated production at the LHC. We computed the production cross sections of the processes for 8, 14 TeV LHC, and displayed the dependance of the cross sections on the relevant model parameter. Moreover, we investigated the observability of process followed by the decays and at 14 TeV LHC for GeV, . We performed a simple parton-level simulation and found that it is challenging for the 14 TeV LHC and future HL-LHC with the integrated luminosity to observe the effect of the process through this final state. So, we have to expect a collider with higher energy and higher luminosity to probe this effect. Maybe, a 100 TeV proton-proton collider with integrated luminosities of ~ can provide us with a potential opportunity [57].

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC) under Grant no. 11405047, the Startup Foundation for Doctors of Henan Normal University under Grant no. qd15207, the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1404113), the Education Department Foundation of Henan Province (14A140010), the Aid Project for the Mainstay Young Teachers in Henan Provincial Institutions of Higher Education of China (2014GGJS-283), and colleges and universities in Henan province key scientific research project for 2016 (16B140002).

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Copyright

Copyright © 2016 Bingfang Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

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