Thermodynamical Study of FRW Universe in Quasi-Topological Theory

Moradpour, H.; Dehghani, R.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7248520

Advances in High Energy Physics

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Phenomenological Aspects of Quantum Gravity and Modified Theories of Gravity

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Volume 2016 | Article ID 7248520 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7248520

Thermodynamical Study of FRW Universe in Quasi-Topological Theory

H. Moradpour¹and R. Dehghani¹

Academic Editor: Ahmed Farag Ali

Received08 Mar 2016

Accepted19 Apr 2016

Published10 May 2016

Abstract

By applying the unified first law of thermodynamics on the apparent horizon of FRW universe, we get the entropy relation for the apparent horizon in quasi-topological gravity theory. Throughout the paper, the results of considering the Hayward-Kodama and Cai-Kim temperatures are also addressed. Our study shows that whenever there is no energy exchange between the various parts of cosmos, we can get an expression for the apparent horizon entropy in quasi-topological gravity, which is in agreement with other attempts that followed different approaches. The effects of a mutual interaction between the various parts of cosmos on the apparent horizon entropy as well as the validity of second law of thermodynamics in quasi-topological gravity are perused.

1. Introduction

Since observational data indicates an accelerating universe [1–4], one should either consider a nontrivial fluid in the Einstein relativity [5–7] or modifying the Einstein theory [7–10]. Moreover, there are some observational evidences which permit a mutual interaction between the dark sides of cosmos [11–25], including the dark energy and dark matter [26]. The thermodynamic consequences of such interactions in the Einstein framework are addressed in [27]. Recently, it is argued that since the origin of dark energy is unknown, some dark energy candidates may affect the Bekenstein entropy of apparent horizon in a flat FRW universe [28–31]. In addition, by following [32], one can see that all of the dark energy candidates and their interaction with other parts of cosmos may affect the apparent horizon of a flat FRW universe in the Einstein framework. There are additional terms to the Einstein tensor in modified theories of gravity. Since these additional terms can be interpreted as a geometrical fluid, a mutual interaction between the dark sides of cosmos may be an interaction between these geometrical and material terms [10]. Therefore, one may expect that such modifications to Einstein theory and their interaction with other parts of cosmos may also affect the horizon entropy. Indeed, there are some new attempts in which authors give a positive answer to this expectation and show that such geometrical fluids and their interaction with other parts of cosmos may also affect the horizon entropy of FRW universe [33–36].

String theory together with AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture gives us the motivation to study space-times with dimensions more than 4 [37–39]. Moreover, brane scenarios also encourage us to study -dimensional space-times [40, 41]. The backbone of Einstein-Hilbert action is producing the second-order field equations of motion. In looking for a suitable Lagrangian for higher dimensions, which also keeps the field equations of motion for metric of second-order, one reaches to Lovelock Lagrangian instead of the usual version of Einstein-Hilbert action [42]. It is shown that the corresponding gravitational field equations of static spherically symmetric space-times in the Einstein and Lovelock theories are parallel to the availability of the first law of thermodynamics on the horizons of considered metric [43]. For a FRW universe, where the field equations govern the universe expansion history, one can also reach the corresponding Friedmann equations in the Einstein and Lovelock theories by applying the first law of thermodynamics on the apparent horizon of FRW universe [44]. Indeed, such generalization of Einstein-Hilbert action leads to additional terms besides the Einstein tensor in space-times with dimensions more than 4. Authors in [33] interpret such additional terms as the geometrical fluids and show that these terms and their interactions with other parts of cosmos affect the horizon entropy.

By considering cubic and higher curvature interactions, some authors try to find new Lagrangian which keeps the field equation of motion for the metric of second-order [45–47]. Their theory is now called quasi-topological gravity which affects the gravitational field equations in space-time with dimensions more than 4. Thermodynamics of static black holes are studied in this theory which leads to an expression for the horizon entropy [45–50]. Moreover, it is shown that if one assumes that the black hole entropy relation, derived in [46–50], is available for the apparent horizon of FRW universe, then, by applying the unified first law of thermodynamics on the apparent horizon of FRW universe, one can get the corresponding Friedmann equations in quasi-topological gravity [51]. Thereinafter, authors point out the second law of thermodynamics and its generalized form [51]. In fact, this scheme proposes that, in quasi-topological gravity, one may generalize the black hole entropy to the cosmological setup by inserting the apparent horizon radii instead of the event horizon radii. Is it the only entropy relation for the apparent horizon? Does a mutual interaction between the geometrical fluid, arising from the terms besides the Einstein tensor in the field equations, and other parts of cosmos affect the horizon entropy?

Our aim in this paper is to study the thermodynamics of apparent horizon of FRW universe in the quasi-topological gravity theory to provide proper answers for the above-mentioned questions. In this investigation, we point to the results of considering the Hayward-Kodama and Cai-Kim temperatures for the apparent horizon. In order to achieve this goal, by looking at the higher-order curvature terms, arising in quasi-topological gravity, as a geometrical fluid and applying the unified first law of thermodynamics on the apparent horizon, we get an expression for the apparent horizon entropy in this theory, while the geometrical fluid does not interact with other parts of cosmos. Moreover, we focus on a FRW universe in which the geometrical fluid interacts with other parts of cosmos. This study signals us to the effects of such mutual interaction on the apparent horizon entropy of a FRW universe with arbitrary curvature for quasi-topological gravity theory. As the noninteracting case, the second law of thermodynamics is also studied in an interacting universe.

The paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we give an introductory note about the quasi-topological gravity, the corresponding Friedmann equations, and some properties of FRW universe, including its apparent horizon radii, surface gravity, and thus the corresponding Hayward-Kodama temperature. Section 3 is devoted to a brief discussion about the Unified First Law (UFL) of thermodynamics. In Section 4, bearing the Hayward-Kodama temperature together with the unified first law of thermodynamics in mind, we study the effect of a geometrical (curvature) fluid on the apparent horizon entropy in a FRW universe with arbitrary curvature parameter for quasi-topological theory. The results of considering the Cai-Kim temperature are also addressed. Thereinafter, we generalize our study to a universe in which the geometrical fluid interacts with other parts of cosmos. The results of attributing the Cai-Kim temperature to the apparent horizon in an interacting universe are also pointed out in Section 4. Section 5 includes some notes about the availability of second law of thermodynamics in interacting cosmos described by quasi-topological gravity theory. The final section is devoted to summary and concluding remarks.

2. A Brief Overview of Quasi-Topological Gravity

A natural generalization of the Einstein-Hilbert action to higher dimensional space-time, and higher-order gravity with second-order equation of motion, is the Lovelock actionwhere ’s are Lovelock coefficients, ’s are dimensionally extended Euler densities, and is the matter Lagrangian. In the above action because of the topological origin of the Lovelock terms, the term proportional to contributes to the equations of motion in dimensions with , where is the order of Lovelock theory. Generally, although the equations of motion of th-order Lovelock gravity are second-order differential equations, the th-order Lovelock term has no contribution to the field equations in and lower dimensions. For example, the cubic term does not have any dynamical effect in five dimensions. Recently, a modification of Lovelock gravity called quasi-topological gravity has been introduced, which has contribution to the field equations in five dimensions from the th-order () term in Riemann tensor. Several aspects of th-order quasi-topological terms which have at most second-order derivatives of the metric in the field equations for spherically symmetric space-times in five and higher dimensions except dimensions have been investigated.

The action of th-order quasi-topological gravity in () dimensions can be written as follows:which not only works in five dimensions but also yields second-order equations of motion for spherically symmetric space-times.

In action (2), is just the Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian, is the second-order Lovelock (Gauss-Bonnet) Lagrangian, and is the Lagrangian of the matter field. is the curvature-cubed Lagrangian given by [46]and is the fourth-order term of quasi-topological gravity [47]:The coefficients in the above term are given by

In the context of universal thermodynamics, our universe should be a nonstationary gravitational system while, from the cosmological point of view, it should be homogeneous and isotropic. Therefore, the natural choice is the FRW universe, a dynamical spherically symmetric space-time, having only inner trapping horizon (the apparent horizon), which is described by the line elementwhere , , , is the scale factor of the universe with the curvature parameter with values corresponding to the open, flat, and closed universes respectively, , and is the metric of -dimensional unit sphere.

Varying the action (2) with respect to metric leads to [51]This is the Friedmann equation of arbitrary-order quasi-topological cosmology where is the Hubble parameter. From now on, we set for simplicity. Moreover, ’s are dimensionless parameters as follows: The dynamical apparent horizon is determined by the relation . It is a matter of calculation to show that the radius of the apparent horizon for the FRW universe is [52]In cosmological context, various definitions of temperature are used to get the corresponding Friedmann equations on the apparent horizon. First, we use the original definition of temperature (Hayward-Kodama temperature) together with the Clausius relation () as well as the unified form of the first law of thermodynamics to extract an expression for the entropy of apparent horizon in the quasi-topological cosmology. The Hayward-Kodama temperature associated with the apparent horizon is defined as , where is the surface gravity which can be evaluated by using [53–58]. Therefore, the surface gravity at the apparent horizon of the FRW universe has the following form:which leads tofor the Hayward-Kodama temperature of apparent horizon. Then, using the Cai-Kim temperature and the Clausius relation, we get the entropy of apparent horizon. In this approach, the horizon temperature is [44, 59]In obtaining the above relation, we consider an infinitesimal time interval, so the horizon radius will have a small change and we can use the approximation [44, 59].

3. Unified First Law of Thermodynamics and Horizon Entropy

The unified first law of thermodynamics can be expressed as [52, 60, 61]where is the total baryonic energy content of the universe inside an -sphere of volume , while is the area of the horizon. The energy flux is termed as the energy supply vector and is the work function which are, respectively, defined asThe term in the first law comes from the fact that we have a volume change for the total system enveloped by the apparent horizon. For a pure de Sitter space, , and the work term reduces to the standard ; thus we obtain exactly the standard first law of thermodynamics, . It is a matter of calculation to show that (14) can be written asand thuson the apparent horizon of FRW universe. In obtaining the last equation, we used relation.

4. Thermodynamics of Apparent Horizon in Quasi-Topological Gravity Theory

Our universe is undergoing an accelerating expansion which represents a new imbalance in the governing Friedmann equations. Physicists have addressed such imbalances either by introducing new sources or by changing the governing equations. The standard cosmology model addresses this imbalance by introducing a new source (dark energy) in the Friedmann equations. On the contrary, a group of physicists have explored the second route, that is, a modified gravity approach, that, at large scales, Einstein theory of general relativity breaks down and a more general action describes the gravitational field. In this study, we follow the second approach.

The Friedmann equation of FRW universe in quasi-topological gravity is represented by (7). In modified gravity theories, the modified Friedmann equations can be written asIn the above equations is the total energy density which includes two noninteracting fluid systems: one is the usual fluid of energy density and thermodynamic pressure , while the second one is termed as effective energy density due to curvature contributions and its corresponding pressure . So, we havewherewhere we have defined , in which , and, in terms of the horizon radius , we have [54]Finally, we should note that, by combining (21) and (22), we get . It means that (21) and (22) are only valid if the and conditions are simultaneously available. These results demonstrate that there is no energy exchange between the geometrical and material fluids.

4.1. Noninteracting Case

The terms due to the curvature formally play the role of a further source term in the field equations whose effect is the same as that of an effective fluid of purely geometrical origin. Indeed, since such terms modify the Einstein theory, they lead to changing the Bekenstein relation for the entropy of black hole horizon [46–49], which is in agreement with the result obtained by applying the first law of thermodynamics on the black hole horizon [50]. In order to study the thermodynamics of apparent horizon of FRW universe in quasi-topological gravity, authors in [51] assumed that the black hole entropy expression, derived in [46–50], is also valid for the apparent horizon of FRW universe. In addition, by applying the UFL of thermodynamics on the apparent horizon, they could get the Friedmann equation in the quasi-topological gravity [51]. In fact, their recipe is a way of proposing an expression for the apparent horizon entropy instead of a way for deriving the corresponding entropy. Therefore, the inverse of their recipe may indeed be considered theoretically as a more acceptable way of getting the apparent horizon entropy. Finally, based on approach [51], it seems that their proposal for the apparent horizon entropy is independent of any interaction between the cosmos sectors. It is also worthy to note that the mutual interaction between the geometrical () and nongeometrical () sectors of cosmos in various modified theories of gravity affects the apparent horizon entropy [33–36]. In fact, depending on the scales, it is such a curvature fluid which may play the role of dark energy. In Einstein general relativity framework, a dark energy candidate and its interaction with other parts of cosmos affect the Bekenstein entropy [28–32]. Therefore, the results obtained in [33–36] are in line with those of [28–32]. In order to get the effects of mutual interaction between the geometrical and nongeometrical parts of cosmos, we need to establish a recipe to find out the horizon entropy by starting from the Friedmann equations and applying the UFL of thermodynamics on the apparent horizon of FRW universe. The energy conservation law leads to the continuity equation in the formFor a noninteracting system it breaks down towhich implies that (21) and (22) are available. Differentiating (18), we reach Bearing (25) in mind, we haveMultiplying both sides of the above equation by (), one obtainsAssume that the total energy content of the universe inside an -sphere of radius is , where is the volume enveloped by an -dimensional sphere. Taking differential form of the total energy, after using the continuity equation (25), we obtainwhich leads to

Substituting (30) into (28), simple calculations lead toand consequentlywhere we have used . In this equation the work density is regarded as the work done when the apparent horizon radius changes from to . The Clausius relation is [32]where is the energy flux crossing the horizon during the universe expansion. Considering (13), (32), and (33), we haveUsing (25) leads toNow, by either inserting (21) into (34) or (22) into (35) and integrating the result, we getfor the horizon entropy. This result is in full agreement with previous proposal in which authors assumed that the event horizon entropy is extendable to the apparent horizon of FRW universe [51]. is an integration constant and we can consider it zero without loss of generality. It is also useful to mention here that we considered the Clausius relation in the form to obtain this result, while authors in [51] took into account the form of the Clausius relation. This discrepancy is due to our different way of defining the horizon temperature. We have used the Hayward-Kodama definition of temperature (11), while authors in [51] used its absolute value to avoid attributing negative temperatures on the apparent horizon and thus the Hawking radiation.

The Cai-Kim Approach. Here, we focus on the Cai-Kim approach to get the effects of geometrical fluid on the horizon entropy. When one applies the first law on the apparent horizon to calculate the surface gravity and thereby the temperature and considers an infinitesimal amount of energy crossing the apparent horizon, the apparent horizon radius should be regarded to have a fixed value () [59]. Bearing (17) together with approximation in mind, by using (25) and the Clausius relation in the form , where is the energy flux crossing the horizon during the infinitesimal time interval , we getSubstituting from (26) into the above equation, we are led towhere we have used and the Cai-Kim temperature () [44, 59]. Finally, we obtainConsequently the modified entropy on the event horizon has the explicit formwhich is compatible with the results obtained by considering the Hayward-Kodama temperature (36). As before, since entropy is not an absolute quantity, without loss of generality, we can set to zero. Setting and in the above result leads to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula.

4.2. Interacting Universe

In order to take the interaction into account, for the quasi-topological gravity, consider the energy-momentum conservation law in the formswhere is the mutual interaction between different parts of the cosmos. The latter means that (21) and (22) are not simultaneously valid for an interacting universe. Using (26) and (41), we getMultiplying both sides of the above equation by , one obtainswhere we have used . Multiplying the result by the factor , we arrive atSimple calculations lead toThe right-hand side of (46) is nothing but the energy flux () crossing the apparent horizon (16). Bearing the Clausius relation (33) in mind, we getNow, use (42) to obtainwhich leads towhich is in agreement with the results obtained by authors [33] for the Lovelock theory but in a different way. In fact, since in the interacting universes and cannot simultaneously meet (21) and (22), respectively, we can not use them to integrate with the RHS of (47) and (48) to get an expression for the horizon entropy. Now, consider a special situation in which satisfies (21); from (47) we getIn the above equation, the first two terms of the right-hand side are exactly the same as (39). In other words,It is crystal clear that the second term of RHS of this equation counts the effects of mutual interaction between the geometrical and nongeometrical fluids on the horizon entropy. Loosely speaking, the above expression for horizon entropy is no longer the usual Bekenstein entropy formula; rather there are two correction terms which are due to higher-order curvature terms, arising from the quasi-topological nature of gravity theory, along with the mutual interaction between the geometrical and nongeometrical parts. Note that, in this situation, due to (42), the term does not meet (22). As another example, consider a situation in which satisfies (22), which also means that, due to (42), does not obey (21). For this case, by combining (42) and (47) and integrating the result, we obtainwhich means that the mutual interaction does not affect the horizon entropy in this special case.

The Cai-Kim Approach. The rest of this section is devoted to achieving (48) by using the Cai-Kim approach [44, 59]. For an interacting universe the UFL is in the form [31]Using (26) and (42), we haveSubstituting it into (53) leads towhich is in full agreement with (48).

5. Second Law of Thermodynamics

The time evolution of the entropy in a noninteracting universe governed by quasi-topological gravity is already considered by authors in [51]. Now, we are interested in examining the validity of the second law of thermodynamics in an interacting universe. This law states that the horizon entropy should meet the condition [62]. For this propose, from (48), we haveHowever, using (42) and (43), one getswhich leads to the Raychaudhuri equationSubstituting it into (56), we arrive atThe above result indicates that the second law of thermodynamics () is valid for the apparent horizon under the condition and if we define the state parameter , this law is valid whenever the state parameter obeys .

6. Summary and Conclusions

After giving a brief review of the quasi-topological gravity theory, by considering a FRW universe, we pointed out to the corresponding Friedmann equation in this modified gravity theory. In Section 2, we mentioned the apparent horizon of FRW universe as the proper causal boundary, its surface gravity, and the Hayward-Kodama temperature of this hypersurface. Motivated by recent works on the thermodynamics of horizon of FRW universe in some modified gravity theories [33–36], we considered the terms other than Einstein tensor as a fluid with energy density and pressure . In fact, since these terms may play the role of dark energy and because a dark energy candidate may also affect the horizon entropy [28–32], such justification at least is not forbidden. Then, we showed that if we use either the Hayward-Kodama or the Cai-Kim temperature, the same result for the horizon entropy is obtainable ((36) and (40)) which is in agreement with previous work [50], in which authors, by using different definitions for the horizon temperature and generalizing the black hole entropy to the cosmological horizon setup, could propose the same expression as ours for the apparent horizon entropy in quasi-topological gravity. Moreover, it is useful to note that (36) is valid only if there is no energy-momentum exchange between the geometrical () and nongeometrical () fluids.

Finally, we generalized our investigation to an interacting FRW universe with arbitrary curvature parameter () in quasi-topological gravity. We got a relation for the horizon entropy (see (49)) which showed the effects of an energy-momentum exchange between the geometrical and nongeometrical fluids on the apparent horizon entropy. Thereinafter, we studied the special case in which meets (21) to perceive clearly the effects of such mutual interaction on the horizon entropy. We got (51) for the horizon entropy, which showed two terms besides the Bekenstein entropy due to higher-order curvature terms, arising from the quasi-topological nature of model, and mutual interaction between the geometrical and nongeometrical fluids. Our investigation also showed that whenever satisfies (22), the mutual interaction does not affect the horizon entropy and therefore the result of noninteracting case is obtainable. We have also pointed out the validity of second law of thermodynamics in an interacting case and found out that, independent of curvature parameter (), whenever , the second law is obtainable.

Our study shows that, in quasi-topological gravity theory, a geometrical fluid with energy density and pressure , independent of its nature, affects the apparent horizon entropy aswhich is in full agreement with other studies [28–36]. Since such correction in quasi-topological gravity has geometrical nature, it is indeed inevitable. Moreover, the effects of mutual interaction between the dark energy candidate and other parts of cosmos are stored in the second term of RHS of this equation. Indeed, based on our approach, one may find the apparent horizon entropy of FRW universe with arbitrary curvature parameter () in modified theories of gravity by interpreting the terms other than Einstein tensor in the corresponding Friedmann equation as a geometrical fluid and applying the UFL of thermodynamics on the apparent horizon. At the end, we should stress that, in the absence of a mutual interaction, the results of interacting universes in quasi-topological theory converge to those of the noninteracting case.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Acknowledgments

This work has been supported financially by Research Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics of Maragha (RIAAM).

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Copyright

Copyright © 2016 H. Moradpour and R. Dehghani. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

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