<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-4.5269pt" id="M1" height="16.7875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0657574 -12.2606 34.0807 16.7875" width="34.0807pt"><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,0,0)"><path id="g113-103" d="M619 670C619 686 593 712 555 712S459 686 410 634S335 504 320 430H250L219 400L222 388H312L258 73C223 -133 201 -166 187 -180C175 -191 158 -199 140 -199C123 -199 88 -188 74 -172C68 -166 63 -164 54 -171C38 -185 23 -201 23 -215C23 -236 60 -261 93 -261C122 -261 161 -247 207 -200C268 -138 300 -71 337 94C365 220 376 277 394 387L501 399L521 430H401C432 623 464 665 501 665C524 665 544 651 567 627C577 617 583 618 592 625C601 631 619 651 619 670Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,11.025,0)"><path id="g113-41" d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,16.962,0)"><path id="g113-85" d="M620 675H597C578 656 570 650 541 650H144C112 650 104 653 94 675H72C59 618 42 552 23 493L53 491C71 534 88 564 105 585C124 608 144 615 238 615H290L197 121C182 40 174 34 88 28L82 0H361L367 28C275 34 266 38 281 121L374 615H441C522 615 543 608 553 583C562 560 566 531 565 493L597 494C603 551 612 629 620 675Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,27.898,0)"><path id="g113-42" d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z"/></g></svg> Corrected Instability of Cylindrical Collapsing Object with Harrison-Wheeler Equation of State

Jawad, Abdul; Azam, M.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7265785

Advances in High Energy Physics

On this page

Abstract Introduction Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2018 | Article ID 7265785 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7265785

Corrected Instability of Cylindrical Collapsing Object with Harrison-Wheeler Equation of State

Abdul Jawad¹and M. Azam²

Academic Editor: Elias C. Vagenas

Received22 Feb 2018

Revised22 Apr 2018

Accepted04 May 2018

Published25 Jun 2018

Abstract

We study the dynamical instability of a collapsing object in the framework of generalized teleparallel gravity. We assume a cylindrical object with a specific matter distribution. This distribution contains energy density and isotropic pressure component with heat conduction. We take oscillating states scheme up to first order to check the instable behavior of the object. We construct a general collapse equation for underlying case with nondiagonal tetrad depending on the matter, metric functions, heat conducting term, and torsional terms. The Harrison-Wheeler equation of state which contains adiabatic index is used to explore the dynamical instability ranges for Newtonian and post-Newtonian constraints. These ranges depend on perturbed part of metric coefficients, matter parts, and torsion.

1. Introduction

General relativity is one of the most acceptable theories of gravity which describes many natural phenomena of the universe. However, this theory faces some issues such as dark matter and dark energy. On the same side, dark matter and dark energy are the important ingredients for the dynamics of the entire universe. That is, 25% of the universe consists of dark matter while dark energy reaches up to 68%. On the other hand, dark energy is responsible for the expansion of the universe. These problems are the main reason behind the modification of general relativity (GR). The modification of GR is as old as this theory itself. In recent era, theory of gravity is the simplest modification to GR based on curvature tensor. However, this theory contains fourth-order field equations which are very difficult to handle.

An alternative theory to GR is teleparallel gravity which is based on torsion using Weitzenböck connection where curvature is zero. The modification of teleparallel gravity results in a generalized teleparallel gravity, that is, theory of gravity [1–11]. One of the advantages of this theory is that it gives field equations of second order which are easier to handle for the discussion of any underlying scenario as compared to gravity. In this context, Ferraro and Fiorini introduced the theory of gravity to solve the partial horizon problem in Born-Infeld strategy which gave singularity free solution [9]. It is also known as nonlocal Lorentz invariant theory. To figure out this problem, Nashed [2] used two tetrad matrices for the regularization of field equations. He proposed regularized process with general tetrad field to figure out the effect of local Lorentz invariance. Some authors also investigated this problem (for reference, see [10, 11]).

The dynamical collapse of self-gravitating spherically symmetric object has been widely discussed in theory of gravity [12–17]. The collapse process occurs when the balanced matter of object becomes imbalanced and the object fails to maintain its equilibrium. In this way, various dynamical states occur, which may be analyzed through dynamical equations. Chandrasekhar [18] was the first who introduced the concept of dynamical instability analysis with the help of adiabatic index, . Instability ranges through adiabatic index have been critically examined for cylindrically and spherically symmetric collapsing matter in gravity [19–22]. Skripkin [23] analyzed the collapsing nondissipative spherically symmetric fluid with constant energy density and isotropy. He concluded that, under expansion-free condition, Minkowskian cavity is located at the center of the fluid. Similarly, under the same conditions, dynamical collapse analysis of spherically and cylindrically symmetric anisotropic fluid is explored by Herrera et al. [24–27]. Some authors [21, 28] also studied the instability ranges of spherically symmetric collapsing star with the presence of charge and without charge in gravity and concluded that these instability ranges are based on geometry, matter, and curvature.

In this scenario, Kausar worked on the effects of CDTT model having inverse curvature term on the unpredictable behavior for the cylindrical symmetric object. It was shown that dynamical instability of expansion-free gravitational collapse with spherical geometry can be investigated without adiabatic index [29, 30]. It was concluded that instability ranges depend on energy density, electromagnetic field, and anisotropic pressure. In Brans-Dicke gravity, Sharif and Manzoor [31] explored the dynamical instability of cylindrically symmetric collapsing star and concluded the range of adiabatic index which is greater than one in special cases and remains less than one for unstable behavior. In gravity, dynamics of collapsing spherical symmetric object with expansion and expansion-free, shear-free conditions have been explored [16, 17].

Jawad et al. [16] discussed the dynamical instability ranges of a cylindrical symmetric object in the framework of gravity. They used anisotropic matter distribution and concluded that the instability ranges were affected by the presence of matter, metric coefficients, and torsional terms. We extend this paper taking matter contribution which contains isotropic pressure with heat conducting term. The scheme of the paper is as follows. In Section 2, we construct the field equations for cylindrical symmetric collapsing object for gravity taking nondiagonal tetrad. Section 3 provides the perturbation scheme up to first order to develop a general collapse equation. In Section 4, we obtain instability ranges under Newtonian and post-Newtonian constraints. The last section contains the concluding remarks.

2. Field Equations of Gravity for Collapsing Star

In this section, we provide the basic formulation of gravity. We discuss the basics of collapsing star in cylindrical symmetry and obtain the field equations in this scenario. We have taken cylindrically symmetric line element as interior space-time and exterior space-time in retarded time coordinate in the framework of gravity. The collapse process happens when stability of matter is disturbed and at long last experiences collapse which leads to different structures. We have taken the self-gravitating object as cylindrically symmetric collapsing star. We consider cylindrically symmetric collapsing star as an interior region defined bywhere and are functions of and cylindrical coordinates satisfy the following constraints: In order to keep the cylindrical symmetry, it must satisfy some conditions in the beginning of collapse which is not a trivial process. That is, if the symmetry does not contain any curvature singularity, then we know the conditions to apply. Otherwise, on the singular symmetry, it is hard to impose any condition. In the underlying case, the inside region of cylinder is assumed to be flat; that is, axis is regular. Thus, we may apply the following conditions [32, 33].(i)Consider the radial coordinate in such a manner that axis is located at , and then there exists an axially symmetric axis. This can be written as when , where represents the killing vector.(ii)The space-time must hold the following condition in order to preserve the flatness near the symmetry axis. When , the condition is given by(iii)There must not be any closed time-like curves (rather, this is easy to introduce in cylindrical space-time). We impose the following condition in order to avoid these curves: throughout the space-time.(iv)The cylindrical space-time cannot be asymptotically flat in the axial direction, but it must be along radial direction.

The exterior region in terms of retarded time coordinates and gravitational mass is given by [34]where is a constant having dimension . The action of gravity [9] is defined aswhere represents tetrad components, is Lagrangian density of matter, is the function of torsion scalar, and is the coupling constant with being the gravitational constant. The variation of action (6) with respect to tetrad leads to the following field equations:where stand for first- and second-order derivatives with respect to and torsion scalar is . The torsion tensor and superpotential tensor are defined aswhere

In terms of Einstein tensor, the field equations take the following form:where represents the torsion part which is defined byThe term represents the matter of the universe. Here, we take the matter under consideration aswhere and are the four velocities and heat conduction that satisfy the following relations: is the energy density of fluid, and denotes the isotropic pressure.

The selection of vierbein field is crucial for the framework of gravity. For cylindrical and spherical geometries, the good tetrads are nondiagonal tetrads that keep the modification of theory with no condition applied on torsion scalar. The diagonal tetrads take the torsion scalar to be constant or vanish in these geometries named as bad choice of tetrad in gravity. Therefore, we take the nondiagonal tetrad for the interior space-time. In order to construct nondiagonal tetrads which are suitable for cylindrical symmetry, different methods are adopted in the literature like the local Lorentz rotations forming rotated tetrad and local Lorentz boosts introducing boosted tetrad. We choose here another approach in which general coordinate transformation is used [35]. Consider static cylindrically symmetric space-time (1). The general coordinate transformation law is given aswhere denotes the transformation matrix from Cartesian to cylindrical polar coordinates while and are Cartesian and cylindrical polar coordinates, respectively; i.e., , and . The matrix of transformation takes the formNow we compare metric (1) with Minkowski metric in cylindrical polar coordinates given asNotice that and of metric (1) are obtained by multiplying the corresponding and of Minkowski metric by and , respectively, and replacing by for . Thus, multiplying zeroth and first columns of the above matrix by and , respectively, while replacing by , we obtain the tetrad components of static cylindrically symmetric space-time:

Using the nonzero components of torsion and superpotential tensors, we get torsion scalar aswhere dot and prime represent derivatives with respect to time and radial coordinates, respectively. The field equations of cylindrically symmetric collapsing star using Eqs. (1) and (10) yield Using (19)-(20), we get the following relation:

In order to match interior and exterior regions of cylindrical symmetric collapsing star, we use junction conditions defined by Darmois. For this purpose, we consider the C-energy; i.e., mass function representing matter inside the cylinder is given by [36]where is the gravitational energy per unit specific length of the cylinder. The areal radius is defined as where circumference radius has the relation while . The terms and are the killing vectors corresponding to cylindrical systems. For interior region, the C-energy turns out asThe continuity of Darmois conditions (junction conditions) establishes the following constraintswhere indicates the outer region for measurements with = constant. The conservation of total energy of a system is obtained from Bianchi identities through dynamical equations.

This relation might be useful in order to simplify the collapse equation. To analyze the conservation of total energy of a collapsing star, contracted Bianchi identities in the framework of gravity are used. These are defined asConsequently, we obtain the following two dynamical equations:

3. Oscillating States and Collapse Equation

The selection of model is very important to establish the collapse equation representing the instability dynamics of cylindrically symmetric object in the framework of gravity. Here we assume the model in power-law form up to quadratic order which is defined by , where is an arbitrary constant. This model is widely used in the literature as it indicates the accelerated expansion of the universe in the phantom phase. The possibility of realistic wormhole solutions under this model is found. Also, the instability conditions for a collapsing star under spherically symmetric collapsing object are discussed. In order to construct the dynamical equations and explore instability ranges, we assume the linear perturbation strategy to find the instable behavior. For this we choose the perturbation scheme in such a way that, in the static configuration (nonperturbed part), metric and matter parts are only radially dependent while perturbed part contains both radial and time dependency up to first order where [28]. The metric functions under perturbation strategy becomeThe static and perturbed parts of matter components arewhile mass function, torsion scalar, and model are perturbed as follows:The quantities having zero subscript show the zero-order perturbation. Applying the above set of equations, the perturbed part of the first dynamical equation isSimilarly, the second dynamical equation yields

The second dynamical equation can be rewritten aswhereEquation (37) is called general collapse equation for a cylindrical symmetric object in gravity. To discuss the instability ranges, we have to find the values of , and . For this purpose, we do some mathematics in the following. After applying perturbation on (19), we obtain the following equation:which yieldsPutting the above value of in (35), we getWe can write this equation aswhereIntegrating the above equation with respect to “”, we get

The Harrison-Wheeler equation of state is defined bywhere is named the adiabatic index. The adiabatic index defines the instability ranges of a self-gravitating collapsed object. Here we discuss these ranges for cylindrically symmetric self-gravitational fluid in the framework of gravity both in Newtonian and in post-Newtonian regimes through adiabatic index under collapse equation. Equation (44) can be written asTo find the value of , we insert the value of in (45), which givesIn order to determine the value of , we perturbed (21) which is given byThe solution of this equation can be found through matching of interior and exterior regions which leads to , on boundary surface. Under this condition and using value of , (48) yieldswhereIn the above equation, all the terms with subscript are as follows:The solution of (49) isThis solution exhibits the stability as well as instability configurations and and are constants. Here, to discuss the instability analysis, we take only static solution of cylindrical collapsing star which implies , while . We get

Putting all the correspondent values in general collapse equation, we attain the collapse equation of cylindrically symmetric object in gravity aswhere is given in (53).

4. Instability Ranges

Now we consider the collapse equation (54) with Newtonian and post-Newtonian regime constraints to figure out the instability ranges of self-gravitating object in gravity.

4.1. Newtonian Order

The constraints for Newtonian regime are given as follows:Using these conditions in (54), the collapse equation turns out aswhich indicates the hydrostatic state of a cylindrically symmetric self-gravitating fluid where represents those terms in which comes through Newtonian approximation. This equation contains the matter, metric, and torsion scalar components which take part to develop the instability ranges. It is noted that we take adiabatic index with positive sign all over the scenario to preserve the variation between gravitational forces, gradient of heat, and pressure components. This system will be unstable ifThe left hand side of inequality remains positive while the system remains in instable state till this inequality holds. Now we discuss the following three cases.

Case 1. If the term is balanced by the term in (56), then we obtain . This leads to the hydrostatic equilibrium state for this particular case for cylindrically symmetric self-gravitating object.

Case 2. Now if is lesser than , it leads to through (56). The constraint on adiabatic index, , contributes to the instable state of the fluid without collapse.

Case 3. Equation (56) implies that if is lesser than , we get which establishes instability ranges for collapse of the self-gravitating cylindrically symmetric object in the framework of gravity.
It is noted that we may recover the general relativity in Newtonian limit for instability range as .

4.2. Post-Newtonian Order

In the post-Newtonian order, we deal with the dynamics of cylindrical symmetric star as . We have taken terms up to first order and neglected all the higher terms. Using these constraints, we obtain some terms of collapse equation (54) asUsing these values in collapse equation, we obtain an equation representing hydrodynamical state for post-Newtonian order like Newtonian order. The cylindrical system becomes unstable in post-Newtonian orders if the adiabatic index satisfies the following inequality:where and are the expressions from (53) under post-Newtonian constraints. Following the Newtonian order cases, we can construct the possibilities of hydrodynamical equilibrium as well as instable states.

5. Conclusion

The collapse process happens when, due to some internal or external disturbance, the matter of object becomes unbalanced and to maintain its equilibrium it collapses down and leads to different structures, i.e., white dwarfs, black holes, and stellar groups. Dynamical instability ranges are used for spherically symmetric objects such as galactic halos and globular clusters, while cylindrical symmetry and plates are associated with the postshocked clouds at stellar scale. To study the unstable behavior of spherically symmetric collapsing object due to its own gravity, the adiabatic index is used whose numerical range is less then in GR. Chandrasekhar [18] gave the direction to study and explore the dynamical instability in demonstrating the development and shaping of stellar objects that must be stable against fluctuations. During these processes, the self-gravitating fluid happens to undergo many phases of dynamical activities that remain in hydrostatic equilibrium for a short span.

After this equilibrium state, the system is changed from its initial static phase to perturbed and oscillating phase. It is necessary to study the evolution of the system immediately after its departure from the equilibrium state. In this work, we have analyzed the instability ranges of self-gravitating cylindrically symmetric collapsing object in gravity. We have taken isotropic matter distribution for the interior metric and have found the important results for interior and exterior regimes. For this purpose, we have calculated physical quantities like torsion tensor and superpotential tensor. The selection of tetrad field is crucial for the framework of gravity. We have taken nondiagonal tetrad for the interior space-time. Torsion scalar has been formulated with the help of tetrad field, torsion, and superpotential tensor in gravity.

We have calculated field equations along with dynamical equations by using Bianchi identities. A power-law model up to quadratic torsion scalar term has been taken to examine the dynamics of collapsing object. Harrison-Wheeler equation (45) uses the relationship between energy density and pressure and the adiabatic index to analyze the dynamical instability ranges of the collapsing object in gravity. It can be noticed that Newtonian and post-Newtonian conditions, defined in (57) and (59), are used in collapse equations to find the corresponding instability ranges. It is also mentioned that matter inside the cylinder must satisfy some energy conditions. As discussed in [33], the obtained solutions satisfied some energy conditions.

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References

E. V. Linder, “Einstein’s other gravity and the acceleration of the Universe,” Physical Review D: Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology, vol. 81, no. 12, Article ID 127301, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. G. L. Nashed, “Vacuum non singular black hole solutions in tetrad theory of gravitation,” General Relativity and Gravitation, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 1047–1058, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
M. Sharif and M. Jamil Amir, “Teleparallel energy–momentum distribution of lewis–papapetrou spacetimes,” Modern Physics Letters A, vol. 22, no. 06, pp. 425–433, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Rani and A. Jawad, “Noncommutative wormhole solutions in Einstein gauss-bonnet gravity,” Advances in High Energy Physics, vol. 2016, Article ID 7815242, p. 21, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Rani, A. Jawad, and M. Bilal Amin, “Charged Noncommutative Wormhole Solutions via Power-Law f(T) Models,” Communications in Theoretical Physics, vol. 66, pp. 411–422, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Rani, M. B. Amin, and A. Jawad, The European Physical Journal Plus, vol. 131, no. 436, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site
A. Jawad and S. Rani, “Non-minimal coupling of torsion–matter satisfying null energy condition for wormhole solutions,” The European Physical Journal C, vol. 76, no. 704, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Jawad, S. Rani, and M. Saleem, “Cosmological study of reconstructed f(T) models,” Astrophysics and Space Science, vol. 362, no. 63, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Ferraro and F. Fiorini, “Modified teleparallel gravity: inflation without an inflaton,” Physical Review D: Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology, vol. 75, no. 8, Article ID 084031, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
B. Li, T. P. Sotiriou, and J. D. Barrow, “f(T) gravity and local Lorentz invariance,” Physical Review D: Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology, vol. 83, no. 6, Article ID 064035, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Li, R.-X. Miao, and Y.-G. Miao, “Degrees of freedom of f(T) gravity,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2011, article 108, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Sharif and S. Rani, “Charged noncommutative wormhole solutions in f(T) gravity,” The European Physical Journal Plus, vol. 129, p. 237, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Sharif and S. Rani, “Galactic Halo Wormhole Solutions in F(T) Gravity,” Advances in High Energy Physics, vol. 2014, Article ID 691497, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Sharif and S. Rani, “Dynamical Instability of Expansion-Free Collapse in f(T) Gravity,” International Journal of Theoretical Physics, vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 2524–2542, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
M. Sharif and S. Rani, “Dynamical instability of spherical collapse in f(T) gravity,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 440, no. 3, pp. 2255–2264, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Jawad, D. Momeni, S. Rani, and R. Myrzakulov, Astrophysics and Space Science, vol. 361, no. 141, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site
A. Jawad and S. Rani, “Lorentz distributed noncommutative wormhole solutions in extended teleparallel gravity,” The European Physical Journal C, vol. 75, article 173, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Chandrasekhar, “The dynamical instability of gaseous masses approaching the Schwarzschild limit in general relativity,” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 140, pp. 417–433, 1964.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
H. R. Kausar and J. Cosmol, “Effects of CDTT model on the dynamical instability of cylindrically symmetric collapsing stars,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 01, no. 007, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Kausar and R. Astron, “Dynamical evolution of shear-free gravitational collapse in the background of generalized Carroll–Duvvuri–Trodden–Turner f(R) model,” Soc, vol. 439, no. 2, pp. 1536–1547, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. R. Kausar and I. Noureen, “Dissipative spherical collapse of charged anisotropic fluid in f(R)gravity,” The European Physical Journal C, vol. 74, article 2760, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Sharif and Z. Yousaf, “Electromagnetic field and dynamical instability of collapse with CDTT model,” Astroparticle Physics, vol. 56, pp. 19–25, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. A. Skripkin, “Soviet Physics,” Doklady, vol. 135, p. 1183, 1960.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Herrera, G. le Denmat, and N. O. Santos, “Dynamical instability for nonadiabatic spherical collapse,” Royal Astronomical Society. Monthly Notices, vol. 237, no. 2, pp. 257–268, 1989.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
R. Chan, L. Herrera, and N. O. Santos, “Dynamical instability for radiating anisotropic collapse,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 265, no. 3, pp. 533–544, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Herrera and N. O. Santos, “Jeans mass for anisotropic matter,” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 438, no. 1, pp. 308–313, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Herrera, G. Le Denmat, and N. O. Santos, “Dynamical instability and the expansion-free condition,” General Relativity and Gravitation, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1143–1162, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
M. Sharif and H. R. Kausar, “Effects of f(R) model on the dynamical instability of expansionfree gravitational collapse,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2011, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. R. Kausar, “Effects of CDTT model on the dynamical instability of cylindrically symmetric collapsing stars,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 007, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Sharif and M. Azam, “Effects of electromagnetic field on the dynamical instability of expansionfree gravitational collapse,” General Relativity and Gravitation, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1181–1197, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Sharif and R. Manzoor, “Stability of spherical star in Brans-Dicke gravity,” Astrophysics and Space Science, vol. 354, no. 2122, pp. 497–506, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Wang, “Critical collapse of a cylindrically symmetric scalar field in four-dimensional Einstein's theory of gravity,” Physical Review D: Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology, vol. 68, no. 6, Article ID 064006, 12 pages, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
M. F. da Silva, L. Herrera, N. O. Santos, and A. Z. Wang, “Rotating cylindrical shell source for Lewis spacetime,” Classical and Quantum Gravity, vol. 19, no. 14, pp. 3809–3819, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
H. Chao-Guang, “Charged static cylindrical black hole,” Acta Physica Sinica, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 617–630, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Sharif and M. J. Amir, “Teleparallel versions of Friedmann and Lewis-Papapetrou spacetimes,” General Relativity and Gravitation, vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 1735–1745, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
K. S. Thorne, “Energy of infinitely long, cylindrically symmetric systems in general relativity,” Physical Review, vol. 138, pp. B251–B266, 1965.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet

Copyright

Copyright © 2018 Abdul Jawad and M. Azam. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

496

Downloads

593

Citations