Wind Climate in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, and Attribution of Leading Wind Driving Mechanisms through Turbulence-Resolving Simulations

Table 1

Sources of the meteorological data in the Kongsfjorden-Kongsvegen valley.

Station	Coordinates	Maintenance	Observations	Period
Ny-Ålesund	8 m a.s.l.; 78.9230 N; 11.9333 E	WMO station 99910 [email protected]	Regular meteorological observations	06.1974–to date
AWS 1 (Glacier margin)	170 m a.s.l.	Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics Innsbruck (IMGI) and the Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI)	Temperature, wind speed and direction, relative humidity, global and reflected short-wave radiation, atmospheric and surface long-wave radiation	05.2007–06.2008
AWS 3	350 m a.s.l.	Obukhov Institute for Atmospheric Physics (IAP) and the Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University	The same; in addition 15 m gradient mast and a number of remote sensing instruments including SODAR were installed	05.2009–to date
AWS 6 (equilibrium altitude of the glacier)	550 m a.s.l.	Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics Innsbruck (IMGI) and the Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI)	The same	05.2000–02.2006; 05.2007–to date