A Subgrid Parameterization for Wind Turbines in Weather Prediction Models with an Application to Wind Resource Limits

Figure 5

Average horizontal wind speed at the lowest 8 grid wind levels of 15, 52, 102, 165, 245, 345, 466, and 648 meters above ground. Orange is without wind turbines. Blue is with 2 MW wind turbines deployed at CD=2.5Wm⁻² capacity. Top of the rotor is at 98m (careful counting shows that blue curve is below the corresponding orange curve). The wind barbs represent the horizontal wind direction and magnitude at 102m at the center of the wind farm area, but without wind turbines. Half barbs are 1ms⁻¹, full barbs 2ms⁻¹, and flags 10ms⁻¹. Days are ticked at 0 UTC, late afternoon at the wind farm, at which time the wind speed has become more well mixed across the boundary layer.