Variations of Near Surface Energy Balance Caused by Land Cover Changes in the Semiarid Grassland Area of China

Table 1

Design of WRF model and relative description.

WRF	Designation	Description
Simulation period	2010_01_01–2050_12_31
Time resolution	Day
D01/02/03 land cover data	USGS
Microphysics parameterization scheme	WSM3	It includes water vapor, cloud water, rain, cloud ice, snow, and cloud water.
Long-wave radiation scheme	RRTM	It uses preset tables to accurately represent long wave processes due to water vapor, ozone, CO2, and trace gases (if present) and accounts for cloud optical depth.
Short-wave radiation scheme	Dudhia	It is a simple downward integration of solar flux, accounting for clear-air scattering, water vapor absorption (Lacis and Hansen 1974), and cloud albedo and absorption. It uses look-up tables for clouds from Stephens (1978).
Land surface process scheme	Noah land surface model	Unified NCEP/NCAR/AFWA scheme with soil temperature and moisture in four layers, fractional snow cover, and frozen soil physics.
Boundary layer process scheme	YSU	Nonlocal-K scheme with explicit entrainment layer and parabolic K profile in unstable mixed layer.
Cumulus parameterization scheme	Kain-Fritsch	It utilizes a simple cloud model with moist updrafts and downdrafts, including the effects of detrainment, entrainment, and relatively crude microphysics.