A Comparison of Two Methods on the Climatic Effects of Urbanization in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Area

Figure 4

Sequential Mann-Kendall test applied to the observed annual mean temperature for the UMR of large city groups (a), medium city groups (b), and small city groups (c). The value ±1.96 (the 95% confidence level) is represented with horizontal dashed lines. The solid lines represent the MK trend for the time series, and the dash dotted lines represent the MK trend for the backward series.

(a)

(b)

(c)