A Comparison of Two Methods on the Climatic Effects of Urbanization in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Area

Table 3

Observed trends of the annual and seasonal mean surface air temperature for different station groups in the JJJ area. The values in parentheses are the results of different urban station groups minus the rural station. Statistical significance is 0.05 (single asterisk) and 0.01 (double asterisk). The units for the values are °C decade⁻¹.

Station group name	Winter	Spring	Summer	Autumn	Annual (1960–2009)	Annual (1979–2009)
Large city station	0.75 (0.24)	0.68 (0.31)	0.21 (0.22)	0.11 (0.09)	0.43 (0.24)	0.66 (0.27)
Medium city station	0.54 (0.03)	0.49 (0.12)	0.12 (0.13)	0.06 (0.04)	0.30 (0.11)	0.50 (0.11)
Small city station	0.47 (−0.04)	0.34 (−0.03)	0.12 (0.13)	0.24 (0.22)	0.28 (0.09)	0.51 (0.13)
Urban station	0.55	0.47	0.12	0.12	0.31	0.53
Rural station	0.51	0.37	−0.01	0.02	0.19	0.39
UMR	0.04	0.11	0.13	0.10	0.12	0.14