Multidimensional Meteorological Variables for Wind Speed Forecasting in Qinghai Region of China: A Novel Approach

Table 4

Forecasting performances of the proposed model and other models in four seasons at Site 3 and Site 4.

Site	Seasons	Criteria	Forecasting models
			Elman	Elman-LASSO	Elman-SCAD	BP	BP-LASSO	BP-SCAD	RF-GSFS-WOA
Site 3	Spring	MAE (m/s)	0.38	0.33	0.29	0.53	0.39	0.36	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.49	0.42	0.36	0.64	0.49	0.44	0.10
		MAPE (%)	10.62	9.03	7.61	13.97	10.82	10.37	2.09
		TIC (%)	6.00	5.13	4.41	7.71	6.04	5.43	1.22
	Summer	MAE (m/s)	0.38	0.33	0.29	0.49	0.39	0.36	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.49	0.42	0.36	0.59	0.49	0.44	0.10
		MAPE (%)	12.37	10.59	8.83	15.97	12.75	11.65	2.54
		TIC (%)	6.51	5.58	4.78	7.74	6.58	5.88	1.32
	Autumn	MAE (m/s)	0.38	0.26	0.22	0.43	0.38	0.36	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.49	0.33	0.27	0.52	0.47	0.44	0.10
		MAPE (%)	16.01	12.03	9.66	19.39	17.64	15.32	3.44
		TIC (%)	7.73	5.14	4.21	8.08	7.43	7.01	1.57
	Winter	MAE (m/s)	0.38	0.29	0.28	0.42	0.39	0.31	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.49	0.36	0.33	0.52	0.51	0.39	0.10
		MAPE (%)	16.97	13.78	14.81	18.16	17.39	16.42	3.99
		TIC (%)	7.26	5.32	4.92	7.70	7.58	5.73	1.48
Site	Seasons	Criteria	Forecasting models
			Elman	Elman-LASSO	Elman-SCAD	BP	BP-LASSO	BP-SCAD	RF-GSFS-WOA
Site 4	Spring	MAE (m/s)	0.29	0.26	0.22	0.37	0.29	0.23	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.37	0.31	0.28	0.46	0.36	0.29	0.10
		MAPE (%)	14.17	12.38	9.78	16.45	14.09	9.97	3.51
		TIC (%)	6.16	5.15	4.55	7.51	5.84	4.71	1.64
	Summer	MAE (m/s)	0.38	0.33	0.25	0.42	0.35	0.29	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.49	0.39	0.32	0.52	0.43	0.37	0.10
		MAPE (%)	15.78	13.77	10.70	18.66	14.62	11.82	3.21
		TIC (%)	8.24	6.56	5.35	8.74	7.16	6.22	1.68
	Autumn	MAE (m/s)	0.38	0.26	0.22	0.47	0.38	0.33	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.49	0.33	0.27	0.59	0.47	0.41	0.10
		MAPE (%)	13.58	7.87	7.75	17.97	14.40	10.09	2.63
		TIC (%)	5.64	3.75	3.06	6.78	5.44	4.68	1.14
	Winter	MAE (m/s)	0.38	0.33	0.29	0.43	0.38	0.30	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.49	0.42	0.36	0.52	0.47	0.37	0.10
		MAPE (%)	16.10	13.29	11.24	17.53	14.17	11.19	2.96
		TIC (%)	6.06	5.19	4.46	6.38	5.86	4.63	1.23