Changes in Temperature Trends and Extremes over Saudi Arabia for the Period 1978–2019

Table 3

Maximum temperature (TX) linear trends (°C per decade) at different absolute thresholds in Saudi Arabia for the period 1978–2019.

Station	≥40°C	≥41°C	≥42°C	≥43°C	≥44°C	≥45°C	≥46°C	≥47°C	≥48°C	≥49°C	≥50°C
Tabuk	6.65^a	4.50^a	3.32^a	1.70^a	0.58^b	0.17	0.06	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Turaif	4.73^a	3.24^a	1.94^a	0.77^b	0.17	0.02	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Guriat	2.55^a	3.22^c	2.39^c	1.13	0.44^a	−0.01	0.04	−0.03	0.01	0.01	0.00
Rafha	5.61^a	7.76^a	8.55^a	7.97^a	5.44^a	3.48^b	1.66^c	0.52	0.03	−0.03	0.00
Arar	14.64^a	15.25^a	14.21^a	11.73^a	8.41^a	5.83^a	3.09^a	1.13^c	0.26	0.02^c	0.00
Al-Jouf	12.88^a	11.30^a	9.18^a	6.55^a	4.19^a	1.62^a	0.38	0.07	0.00	0.00	0.00
Hail	15.39^a	11.33^a	6.42^a	1.87^a	0.27^c	0.02	0.02	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Gassim	17.89^a	22.59^a	25.85^a	26.29^a	21.55^a	15.05^a	8.13^a	3.16^a	0.74	0.00	0.00
Riyadh	5.27^a	7.03^a	9.26^a	9.08^a	7.94^a	4.17^c	1.31	0.16	0.02	0.00	0.00
Al-Qaisumah	8.92^a	11.18^a	13.51^a	16.78^a	16.46^a	15.03^a	11.08^a	7.29^a	4.68^a	1.48^a	0.13^b
Dammam	−2.24	1.20	2.11	4.17	2.69	2.20	1.88	1.11	0.62	−0.02	−0.06
Al-Ahsa	7.54^a	9.22^a	9.96^a	13.44^a	16.41^a	18.17^a	15.69^a	11.05^a	5.47^a	1.83^a	0.45^b
Al-Wejh	0.71	0.44	0.30	0.19	0.19^c	0.10	−0.05	0.00	0.03	0.00	0.00
Madinah	4.27^a	6.70^a	8.73^a	9.60^a	8.53^a	4.89^a	3.16^b	1.22^b	0.30	0.01	0.00
Yenbo	18.36^a	14.16^a	12.29^a	10.06^a	7.51^a	4.92^a	2.75^b	1.57^b	0.55	0.18^b	0.00
Jeddah	4.15^c	2.92^b	1.00	0.26	0.21	0.39^c	0.11	0.14	0.11	0.06	0.06
Taif	0.46	0.04	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Makkah	10.88^b	13.95^a	17.52^a	16.99^a	11.66^a	8.30^a	5.01^b	2.88^a	1.56^a	0.62^a	0.22^a
Al-Baha	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Gizan	−1.12	−0.36	0.06	−0.02	0.01	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Khamis Mushait	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Abha	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Bisha	16.27^a	7.61^a	1.87^b	0.24^a	0.03	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Najran	22.18^a	11.59^a	3.19^a	0.37^b	−0.02	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Sharorah	7.04^a	8.52^a	10.64^a	10.77^a	7.50^a	2.59^c	0.27	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Country	11.37^a	10.52^a	9.43	8.06^a	6.17^a	4.23^a	2.53^a	1.32^b	0.59^b	0.17^b	0.03

The superscripts a, b, and c represent statistical significance at 99%, 95%, and 90% levels, respectively. Station name start year 1985.