Research Article

A Comparative Study of CO2 Emission Forecasting in the Gulf Countries Using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average, Artificial Neural Network, and Holt-Winters Exponential Smoothing Models

Table 3

Predicted value of CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) using the ARIMA (2,1,2) model and accuracy measures.

YearKSAUAEKWTBHRQATOMAN

201519.251722.139925.372423.181840.064615.7528
201620.442223.016225.080924.420135.4516.284
201720.246422.934624.802224.072532.400516.3999
201821.370623.32924.547724.849332.515516.557
201921.175423.427824.311325.01435.846717.0212
202022.242823.65424.089825.41840.894217.4425
202122.053523.782623.880325.790645.350917.637
202223.071523.939223.680726.1147.226617.8727
202322.892424.058923.489126.496745.802918.2753
202423.866924.179723.303926.831841.962218.6406
202523.700724.283523.12427.196937.740118.8833
MSE2.48489181.592136.793378646.342618621197.98636741.380955048
RMSE1.57635313.475616.0657545822.51845560214.070762861.175140438