Research Article

A Comparative Study of CO2 Emission Forecasting in the Gulf Countries Using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average, Artificial Neural Network, and Holt-Winters Exponential Smoothing Models

Table 4

Predicted value of CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) using the ANN model and accuracy measures.

YearKSAUAEKWTBHRQATOMAN

201517.776423.679625.352520.770642.036816.169
201618.29224.847623.21325.085442.517616.3194
201717.7725.34822.642625.442442.513916.1421
201818.416826.155821.935926.012147.165616.1208
201917.757426.369220.861926.65549.423616.355
202018.297326.586920.150224.496251.957916.3724
202117.633626.762819.758124.324652.296116.1978
202218.431126.290119.275125.382653.576716.1845
202317.738926.069318.959324.035752.473316.2648
202418.409425.40318.998623.003254.341916.2966
202517.875225.018318.948424.683452.903516.2928
MSE2.06363413.9438914.85094832.9250056924.18172590.75614137
RMSE1.4365363.7341523.853692821.71026484.917491830.8695639