A Comparative Study of CO<sub>2</sub> Emission Forecasting in the Gulf Countries Using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average, Artificial Neural Network, and Holt-Winters Exponential Smoothing Models

<table class="table-group" id="tab6"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="6"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left" rowspan="2">Countries</td><td class="align_center" colspan="5">Best prediction of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions (metric tons per capita) for the year 2025</td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_center">ARIMA (1,1,1)</td><td class="align_center">ARIMA (1,1,2)</td><td class="align_center">ARIMA (2,1,2)</td><td class="align_center">ANN</td><td class="align_center">HWES</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="6"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">KSA</td><td class="align_center">23.2436</td><td class="align_center">23.387</td><td class="align_center">23.7007</td><td class="align_center">17.8752</td><td class="align_center">22.4208</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">UAE</td><td class="align_center">26.536</td><td class="align_center">26.508</td><td class="align_center">24.2835</td><td class="align_center">25.0183</td><td class="align_center">13.4902</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">KWT</td><td class="align_center">25.1177</td><td class="align_center">23.2149</td><td class="align_center">23.124</td><td class="align_center">18.9484</td><td class="align_center">27.5195</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">BHR</td><td class="align_center">27.3589</td><td class="align_center">27.0121</td><td class="align_center">27.1969</td><td class="align_center">24.6834</td><td class="align_center">21.9879</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">QAT</td><td class="align_center">51.7854</td><td class="align_center">59.8312</td><td class="align_center">37.7401</td><td class="align_center">52.9035</td><td class="align_center">20.7191</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">OMAN</td><td class="align_center">18.3771</td><td class="align_center">18.683</td><td class="align_center">18.8833</td><td class="align_center">16.2928</td><td class="align_center">22.1125</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="6"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<div>Best predicted value of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions for the year 2025.</div>

Advances in Meteorology

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Table 6

Table 6: A Comparative Study of CO<sub>2</sub> Emission Forecasting in the Gulf Countries Using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average, Artificial Neural Network, and Holt-Winters Exponential Smoothing Models 

Table 6 | A Comparative Study of CO2 Emission Forecasting in the Gulf Countries Using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average, Artificial Neural Network, and Holt-Winters Exponential Smoothing Models 