The effects of exchanging noncertified with certified wood-burning devices on the 24h-average PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations in the nonattainment area of Fairbanks, Alaska, in a cold season (October to March) were investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model inline coupled with a chemistry package. Even changing out only 2930 uncertified woodstoves and 90 outdoor wood boilers reduced the 24 h-average PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations on average by 0.6 <i>μ</i>g.m<sup>−3</sup> (6%) and avoided seven out of 55 simulated exceedance days during this half-a-year. The highest reductions on any exceedance day ranged between 1.7 and 2.8 <i>μ</i>g.m<sup>−3</sup>. The relative response factors obtained were consistently relatively low (~0.95) for all PM<sub>2.5</sub> species and all months. Sensitivity studies suggest that the assessment of the benefits of a wood-burning device changeout program in avoiding exceedances heavily relies on the accuracy of the estimates on how many wood-burning devices exist that can be exchanged.

Huy N. Q. Tran

Nicole Mölders

Wood-Burning Device Changeout: Modeling the Impact on PM<sub><b>2.5</b></sub> Concentrations in a Remote Subarctic Urban Nonattainment Area

A new automated small size lidar system (microlidar or MULID) has been developed and employed to perform aerosol measurements since March 2010 at Ny Ålesund (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.20474pt;width:46.150002px;" id="M1" height="13.1875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 46.150002 13.1875" width="46.150002" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-.017,.062,12.875)"><path id="x37" d="M447 623l8 -12l-283 -613l-74 -10l-7 11q174 283 297 551h-216q-48 0 -62.5 -12t-33.5 -63h-29q10 60 18 148h382z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-.017,8.222,12.875)"><path id="x38" d="M249 635q70 0 116 -43t46 -105q0 -46 -28 -80q-22 -25 -80 -64q62 -35 97 -75t35 -99q0 -81 -63 -131t-135 -50q-83 0 -137.5 45.5t-54.5 123.5q0 52 45 95q29 28 89 64q-109 62 -109 155q0 66 50.5 115t128.5 49zM238 603q-42 0 -67.5 -31t-25.5 -72q0 -50 32.5 -79.5&#xD;&#xA;t98.5 -62.5q61 48 61 124q0 59 -29.5 90t-69.5 31zM248 20q46 0 76.5 33.5t30.5 89.5q0 50 -39 85.5t-110 71.5q-81 -54 -81 -137q0 -67 35.5 -105t87.5 -38z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-.017,16.381,12.875)"><path id="x2E" d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-.017,20.257,12.875)"><path id="x39" d="M244 635q90 0 143 -72t53 -177q0 -133 -65 -229.5t-171 -139.5q-79 -32 -140 -32l-5 30q109 18 185 91t101 186l-68 -36q-29 -16 -60 -16q-79 0 -129 51.5t-50 130.5q0 80 57 146.5t149 66.5zM228 602q-52 0 -78 -45.5t-26 -98.5q0 -69 36.5 -115.5t97.5 -46.5&#xD;&#xA;q53 0 90 28q4 31 4 66q0 51 -9.5 95.5t-39 80.5t-75.5 36z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,0,0,-.012,28.413,4.713)"><path id="x2218" d="M326 255q0 -56 -41 -96t-99 -40t-99 40t-41 96t41 96t99 40t99 -40t41 -96zM274 255q0 38 -25.5 65t-62.5 27t-62.5 -27t-25.5 -65t25.5 -65t62.5 -27t62.5 27t25.5 65z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-.017,33.45,12.875)"><path id="x4E" d="M719 650v-28q-43 -2 -62 -15t-22 -44q-6 -47 -6 -169v-403h-31l-426 524h-2v-251q0 -111 6 -169q4 -37 24 -50.5t72 -16.5v-28h-237v28q45 2 64.5 16t23.5 49q6 62 6 171v220q0 54 -3 68.5t-17 32.5q-16 19 -34.5 26.5t-54.5 10.5v28h147l418 -502h3v246q0 117 -7 166&#xD;&#xA;q-4 34 -24.5 47t-73.5 15v28h236z" /></g></svg>, <svg style="vertical-align:-0.20474pt;width:43.174999px;" id="M2" height="13.1875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 43.174999 13.1875" width="43.174999" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-.017,.062,12.875)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-.017,8.222,12.875)"><use xlink:href="#x31" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-.017,16.381,12.875)"><use xlink:href="#x2E" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-.017,20.257,12.875)"><use xlink:href="#x39" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,0,0,-.012,28.413,4.713)"><use xlink:href="#x2218" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-.017,33.45,12.875)"><path id="x45" d="M517 162l29 -4q-18 -100 -35 -158h-482v28q68 5 83.5 20t15.5 77v398q0 66 -13 80t-73 19v28h446q0 -8 8 -144l-29 -4q-11 51 -32 85q-11 17 -35 23t-78 6h-76q-23 0 -28 -5t-5 -27v-228h94q67 0 83 12t25 63h29v-191h-29q-10 54 -26 65.5t-81 11.5h-95v-189&#xD;&#xA;q0 -65 24 -81q19 -13 104 -13q57 0 83 7t43 27q28 33 50 94z" /></g></svg>), Svalbard. The lidar observations have been used to estimate the PBL height by using the gradient method based on abrupt changes in the vertical aerosol profile and monitor its temporal evolution. The scope of the present study is to compare several approaches to estimate the PBL height, by using lidar observations, meteorological measurements by radio soundings, and a zero-order one-dimensional model based on a parameterization of the turbulent kinetic energy budget within the mixing layer, under the assumptions of horizontal homogeneity, and neglecting radiation and latent heat effects. A case study is presented here for a convective PBL, observed in June 2010 in order to verify whether the Gradient Method can be applied to lidar measurements in the Arctic region to obtain the PBL height. The results obtained are in good agreement with the PBL height estimated by the analysis of thermodynamic measurements obtained from radio sounding and with the model.

L. Di Liberto

F. Angelini

I. Pietroni

F. Cairo

G. Di Donfrancesco

A. Viola

S. Argentini

F. Fierli

G. Gobbi

M. Maturilli

R. Neuber

M. Snels

Estimate of the Arctic Convective Boundary Layer Height from Lidar Observations: A Case Study

Mineral dust aerosols recently collected at the high-altitude Jungfraujoch research station (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:65.962502px;" id="M1" height="17.9125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 65.962502 17.9125" width="65.962502"      xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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			<g transform="matrix(.012,0,0,-.012,37.738,9.488)"><path id="x2032" d="M227 744l-123 -338l-31 15l73 368q12 3 41.5 -8t36.5 -20z"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-.017,41.9,17.65)"><path id="x35" d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8&#xD;&#xA;l-26 -65h-233z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-.017,50.059,17.65)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,0,0,-.012,58.213,9.488)"><use xlink:href="#x2032"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,0,0,-.012,61.746,9.488)"><use xlink:href="#x2032"/></g>

		
	
</svg>N, <svg style="vertical-align:-0.20474pt;width:57.799999px;" id="M2" height="17.9625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 57.799999 17.9625" width="57.799999"      xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-.017,.062,17.65)"><path id="x37" d="M447 623l8 -12l-283 -613l-74 -10l-7 11q174 283 297 551h-216q-48 0 -62.5 -12t-33.5 -63h-29q10 60 18 148h382z"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,0,0,-.012,8.225,9.488)"><use xlink:href="#x2218"/></g>

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			<g transform="matrix(.012,0,0,-.012,29.575,9.488)"><use xlink:href="#x2032"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-.017,33.738,17.65)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xD;&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-.017,41.897,17.65)"><use xlink:href="#x36"/></g>

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</svg>E; 3580&#x2009;m&#x2009;a.s.l.) were compared to mineral dust deposited at the Colle Gnifetti glacier (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:65.962502px;" id="M3" height="17.9125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 65.962502 17.9125" width="65.962502"      xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg>N, <svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:57.799999px;" id="M4" height="17.9125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 57.799999 17.9125" width="57.799999"      xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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			<g transform="matrix(.012,0,0,-.012,50.05,9.488)"><use xlink:href="#x2032"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,0,0,-.012,53.584,9.488)"><use xlink:href="#x2032"/></g>

		
	
</svg>E; 4455&#x2009;m&#x2009;a.s.l.) over the last millennium. Radiogenic isotope signatures and backward trajectories analyses indicate that major dust sources are situated in the north-central to north-western part of the Saharan desert. Less radiogenic Sr isotopic compositions of PM10 aerosols and of mineral particles deposited during periods of low dust transfer likely result from the enhancement of the background chemically-weathered Saharan source. Saharan dust mobilization and transport were relatively reduced during the second part of the Little Ice Age (ca. 1690&#x2013;1870) except within the greatest Saharan dust event deposited around 1770. After ca. 1870, sustained dust deposition suggests that increased mineral dust transport over the Alps during the last century could be due to stronger spring/summer North Atlantic southwesterlies and drier winters in North Africa. On the other hand, increasing carbonaceous particle emissions from fossil fuel combustion combined to a higher lead enrichment factor point to concomitant anthropogenic sources of particulate pollutants reaching high-altitude European glaciers during the last century.

Florian Thevenon

Massimo Chiaradia

Thierry Adatte

Christoph Hueglin

John Poté

Characterization of Modern and Fossil Mineral Dust Transported to High Altitude in the Western Alps: Saharan Sources and Transport Patterns

An analysis of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and phytoplankton distribution, composition and vertical particle fluxes in Russkaya Gavan’ Bay (Northern Island of the Novaya Zemlya), Bezymyannaya Bay (Southern Island of the Novaya Zemlya), Dolgaya Bay (northwestern part of the Vaigach Island) in comparison with the data from the Svalbard Archipelago is presented. Field studies were carried out by the authors during the 9th expedition of the RV “Professor Logachev” in September 1994, the 11th, 13th, and 14th expeditions of the RV “Akademik Sergey Vavilov” in September-October 1997 and August-September 1998. The data about Spitsbergen fjords are from literature. Our results show that, on the bays of the Barents Sea islands, most SPM stays in the bays (fjords) and only small part of it reaches the open sea. This is due to the hydrodynamic conditions in the bays, the large size of the particles, flocculation, and often to the morphological barriers in the relief at the bay entrances. It is important for ecological purposes to map out migration pathways of the SPM with pollutants from bays to the open sea. Results of our investigation indicate that the western bays of the Novaya Zemlya act as traps for SPM derived from glaciers and coastal abrasion.

N. V. Politova

V. P. Shevchenko

V. V. Zernova

Distribution, Composition, and Vertical Fluxes of Particulate Matter in Bays of Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, Vaigach Island at the End of Summer

Total cloud fraction over the Arctic (north of 60&#xb0;N) has been evaluated and intercompared based on 16 Arctic cloud climatologies from different satellite and surface observations and reanalyses. The Arctic annual-mean total cloud fraction is about <svg style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:72.474998px;" id="M1" height="12.05" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 72.474998 12.05" width="72.474998"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.624886" y="0">3</tspan>
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</svg> according to different observational data. It is greater over the ocean (<svg style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:72.474998px;" id="M2" height="12.05" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 72.474998 12.05" width="72.474998"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.624886" y="0">4</tspan>
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</svg>) and less over land (<svg style="vertical-align:-1.09097pt;width:72.474998px;" id="M3" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 72.474998 12.175" width="72.474998"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.3772497" y="0">6</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="15.62875" y="0">7</tspan>
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				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.624886" y="0">3</tspan>
			</text>

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</svg>). Different observations for total cloud fraction are in a better agreement in summer than in winter and over the ocean than over land. An interannual variability is higher in winter than in summer according to all observations. The Arctic total cloud fraction has a prominent annual cycle according to most of the observations. The time of its maximum concurs with the time of the sea ice extent minimum (early summer&#x2013;late autumn) and vice versa (late spring). The main reason for the discrepancies among observations is the difference in the cloud-detection algorithms, especially when clouds are detected over the ice/snow surface (during the whole year) or over the regions with the presence of strong low-tropospheric temperature inversions (mostly in winter). Generally, reanalyses are not in a close agreement with satellite and surface observations of cloudiness in the Arctic.

Alexander Chernokulsky

Igor I. Mokhov

Climatology of Total Cloudiness in the Arctic: An Intercomparison of Observations and Reanalyses

Effective Strength Index (ESI) is the relative strength of NAO and SO. ESI tendency is the algebraic difference between April-ESI and January-ESI and it represents the simultaneous evolution of NAO and SO from winter to spring. During positive (negative) phase of ESI tendency, NAO restores positive (negative) phase and SO restores negative (positive) phase before the beginning of summer season. Thus during contrasting phases (positive and negative) of ESI tendency, the evolution of NAO and SO is out of phase. In this paper we have studied the spatial and temporal variability of winter-time temperature field over Europe, Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal during contrasting phases of ESI tendency. The study reveals that during positive (negative) ESI tendency, smaller (larger) region of Europe is showing significant winter-time cooling (warming) at surface. The relationship between winter-time surface temperature over above regions and Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) also shows spatial and temporal variability. The probable explanation for this change in the relationship is discussed in the paper. Two sets of temperature parameters for two different phases of ESI tendency are found out. Multiple regression equations are developed for the prediction of ISMR in each phase of ESI tendency. The performance of these equations is also discussed in this paper.

S. B. Kakade

Ashwini Kulkarni

The Changing Relationship between Surface Temperatures and Indian Monsoon Rainfall with the Phase of ESI Tendency

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<p><em>Advances in Meteorology </em>publishes research in all areas of meteorology and climatology. Topics include forecasting techniques and applications, meteorological modelling, data analysis, atmospheric chemistry and physics, and climate change.</p>


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<p>Dr Jamie&nbsp;Cleverly, the journal’s Chief Editor, is based at James Cook University in Cairns, Australia. Their research interests include carbon, water and energy fluxes of arid-land Acacia swales; physics of the atmospheric surface layer and interactions with terrestrial ecosystems.</p>


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Advances in Meteorology - Table of contents 2012

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Advances in Meteorology publishes research in all areas of meteorology and climatology. Topics include forecasting techniques and applications, meteorological modelling, data analysis, atmospheric chemistry and physics, and climate change.

Advances in Meteorology