Factorization Method in Oscillator with the Aharonov-Casher System

Abstract

We review the oscillator with Aharonov-Casher system and study some mathematical foundation about factorization method. The factorization method helps us to obtain the energy spectrum and general wave function for the corresponding system in some spin condition. The factorization method leads us to obtain the raising and lowering operators for the Aharonov-Casher system. The corresponding operators give us the generators of the algebra.

1. Introduction

As we know, the relativistic quantum dynamics of a natural particle which describes the relativistic Aharonov-Casher system [1] is given by introducing minimal coupling into the Dirac equation [2, 3] in Cartesian coordinates which is given by where we consider the natural units . Also, corresponds to the magnetic dipole moment of natural particle, and corresponds to the electromagnetic tensor, which are defined by and and . The matrices correspond to the Dirac matrices in Minkowski space-time [4]: with , with being the spin vector and being Pauli matrices. The tensor is the Minkowski tenor. Moreover, by introducing the coupling that describes the Dirac oscillator into the nonminimal coupling (1), we can see that the whole system is cylindrically symmetric. So, we can work with curvilinear coordinates and . Therefore, we write the line element of the Minkowski space-time in the following form: Here, we note that, in curvilinear coordinate (both flat and curved space-time background), the relativistic quantum dynamics of a neutral particle with a permanent magnetic dipole moment interacting with the external field is not described by the Dirac equation with the introduction of nonminimal coupling (1) anymore. Based on the spinor theory in curved space-time, nonminimal coupling (1) plus the coupling describing the Dirac oscillator becomes where corresponds to the components of the covariant derivative of a spinor, with being the spinnorial connection [5, 6], and . In the spinor theory in curved space-time, the matrices are defined in the local reference frame of the observers and are identical to the Dirac matrices defined in Minkowski space-time (3). In this notation, the indices indicate the local reference frame, while the indices indicate the space-time indices. Thus, the matrices given by (4) are related to the via , where components are called tetrades and give rise to the local reference frame of the observers. The tetrades satisfy the following equation [5, 6]: The tetrades also have an inverse defined as , where Furthermore, the components of the spinnorial connection can be obtained by solving the Cartan structure [6] in the absence of torsion: where and are called connection 1-form. For instance, we can choose the tetrades for line element (3) being By solving the Cartan structure equations in the absence of torsion, we can obtain and . Hence, the Dirac equation describing the interaction between the Dirac oscillator and Aharonov-Casher system is Here, we consider radial electric field as and also consider the magnetic dipole moment parallel to the -axis. In that case we can rewrite the Dirac equation as where is Aharonov-Casher geometric phase [1]. In order to solve (10) one can write in terms of two components of spinors as where and are spinors of two components. We substitute (11) in (10) to obtain two coupled equations for and . Now, we are going to write the first coupled equation which is given by and the second coupled equation is By using (12) and (13) one can obtain the following second order differential equation: Here, is eigenfunction of the Pauli matrix and total angular momentum , and the -component of the momentum commutes with the Hamiltonian of (14). In that case, we can write the solution of (14) in terms of the eigenvalues of the operators and , give , where , with being constant and being normalization factor. Thus, substituting the solution (15) into the second order differential equation (14), we obtain the following radial equation: where In order to solve (16) we change variables given by and obtain Again, we choose the change of variable as follows: so, (18) changes as follows: In order to obtain in (19), we have to compare (20) with known polynomial. For this reason, first we introduce the Laguerre polynomial which is corresponding to (20). So, in this paper first we will try to review some mathematical foundation about factorization method [7]. In Section 3 we take advantage of factorization method and obtain the energy spectrum and general wave function for the corresponding system. Also, we show that the corresponding equation can be factorized first with respect to and then with respect to and . These lead us to obtain the raising and lowering operators. Note that the shape invariant equation (27) can be written as the raising and lowering relations for the Aharonov-Casher system. These operators will be generators algebra.

2. Mathematical Foundation

Using the factorization approach, we compute the energy spectrum and also bound states through the comparison of the differential equation given in (18) with associated Laguerre differential equation in an appropriate manner. We also factorize the second order differential equations into new sets of operators and shape invariant form, which are the first order differential equations. This process is called factorization method. Before anything else we will try to explain the associated Laguerre differential equation in factorization method point of view. To start, we need to recall that, for the real parameters and , the associated Laguerre differential equation corresponding to in the interval is introduced as [8, 9] Here, the indices and are nonnegative integers for . The associated Laguerre function, as a solution of the differential (21), has the following Rodrigues representation: where is the normalization coefficient and will be obtained later. As mentioned in [10, 11], we can write the associated Laguerre differential equation (21) as the following shape invariant equations with respect to the parameter : where operators and are given by the following equation: One may write down the shape invariance equation (23) as the raising and lowering relations: On the other hand, the associated Laguerre differential equation (21) can be factorized with respect to the parameter for a given as where the differential operators are functions of parameters and which are obtained as Note that the shape invariant equation (28) can be written as the raising and lowering relations The above mentioned method with some calculations leads to the following normalization coefficient: Also, the normalization coefficient equation (29) has been so chosen that the associated Laguerre functions , with the same but with different with respect to the inner product with the weight functions , form an orthonormal set in the interval : Now, we go back to the Dirac oscillator with Aharonov-Casher system and compare it with associated Laguerre equation.

3. Factorization Method and Dirac Oscillator with Aharonov-Casher System

We wish to get a solution for (18) which will be regular at the origin; then we have to compare (20) to (21) and obtain as where . Comparing equation (20) and (21), yields to the following conditions: The associated Laguerre polynomial and regular solution at the origin lead us to take . Equation (32) helps us to obtain the energy spectrum for the Dirac oscillator with Aharonov-Casher system. In order to specify the energy spectrum, we consider two cases. First, for obtaining the positive-energy solution of Dirac equation (), we consider the component parallel to -axis of the space-time; we must take and consider . The energy spectrum is We see the energy is positive because always we have . In second case, we consider the positive-energy solutions corresponding to the and . So, we can obtain, We can see in two cases the energy compound to Aharonov-Casher effect in the Minkowski space-time. So, the general wave function with and condition (32) will be as So, the associated Laguerre function obtained as a solution of the differential (20) has the following Rodrigues representation: where will be as As mentioned in [10, 11], we can write the associated Laguerre differential equation (20) as the following shape invariant equations with respect to the parameter : where operators and are given by One may write down the shape invariance equation (1) as the raising and lowering relations On the other hand, the associated Laguerre differential equation (20) can be factorized with respect to the parameter for a given as where the differential operators are functions of parameters and which are obtained by Note that the shape invariant equation (27) can be written as the raising and lowering relations Here, we note that the factorization method and shape invariance condition help us to factorize the second order oscillator with the Aharonov-Casher equation. It means that such equation factorized in terms of two first order operators which are known by raising and lowering operators.

4. Conclusion

In this paper, first we introduced the nonlinear equation corresponding with oscillator and Aharonov-Casher system. We could easily solve such system by using factorization method and shape invariance condition. Also, the factorization method helps us to obtain the general form of wave function and energy spectrum which is hard to obtain with ordinary methods. Finally, we achieved the first order differential equation as raising and lowering operators. It may be interesting to show that such operators can be a form of generators of supersymmetry algebras. Another problem for such system is partner Hamiltonian with new and modified potential. We can do such complicated problem in future.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.