Abstract
The Sawada-Kotera equation with a nonvanishing boundary condition, which models the evolution of steeper waves of shorter wavelength than those depicted by the Korteweg de Vries equation, is analyzed and also the perturbed Korteweg de Vries (pKdV) equation. For this goal, a capable method known as the multiple exp-function scheme (MEFS) is formally utilized to derive the multiple soliton solutions of the models. The MEFS as a generalization of Hirota’s perturbation method actually suggests a systematic technique to handle nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs).
1. Introduction
In the applied science, NLEEs are extensively used in theoretical studies to model a wide range of nonlinear phenomena. To comprehend the mechanisms of nonlinear phenomena, it is vital to investigate the solutions of NLEEs [1–15]. One specific tool that has recently achieved a special interest from academic researchers is the multiple exp-function scheme [16, 17]. The MEFS supposes that the multisoliton solutions of NLEEs can be presented as in which and are polynomials of exponential functions. The SK equation with a nonvanishing boundary condition [18, 19]is one of NLEEs that models the evolution of steeper waves of shorter wavelength than those explained by the KdV equation and its perturbed form. By using the binary-Bell-polynomial Hirota method and symbolic computation, the bilinear form and N-soliton solutions for this model were derived in [19]. The perturbed form of KdV equation [18, 20–22]is another kind of NLEEs describing some arrays of wave crests. The bilinear form, Bäcklund transformation, superposition formulae, and N-soliton solutions in terms of the Wronskian were done in [22].
For computational purposes, we use the transformationto convert (1) and (2) into the following, respectively:andThe key goal of present work is applying the MEFS to generate the multiple soliton solutions of the models (1) and (2).
2. Multiple Exp-Function Method
The key steps of MEFS can be summarized as follows [16, 17].
Step 1. Let us consider the following (1 + 1)-dimensional NLEE:
Step 2. Suppose the solution of above NLEE can be expressed asin which and are unknowns to be determined and
Step 3. Substituting (7) and its derivatives into (6) yields the following transformed equation:
Step 4. By setting the numerator of the function to zero, we will reach an algebraic system which its solution yields the multiple wave solution of (6) as
2.1. Multiple Soliton Solutions of SK Equation with a Nonvanishing Boundary Condition
In the current subsection, the multiple soliton solutions of SK equation with a nonvanishing boundary condition are derived through the MEFS.
2.1.1. One-Soliton Solution of (1)
To obtain one-soliton solution, it is assumedwhere is a constant andthe dispersion isNow, applying the MEFS results inone-soliton solution can be presented aswhere is arbitrary but is defined by (13).
2.1.2. Two-Soliton Solution of (1)
To seek two-soliton solution, the following ansatz is consideredin which and are defined asNow, by applying the MEFS, we acquire
2.1.3. Three-Soliton Solution of (1)
To derive three-soliton solution, it is assumedin which and are defined asNow, applying the MEFS yields
2.2. Multiple Soliton Solutions of pKdV Equation (2)
In the present subsection, the multiple soliton solutions of pKdV equation are obtained through the MEFS.
2.2.1. One-Soliton Solution of (2)
To obtain one-soliton solution, it is assumedwhere is a constant andand the dispersion relation isNow, applying the MEFS results inand, so, the resulting one-soliton solution can be presented aswhere is arbitrary but is defined by (26).
2.2.2. Two-Soliton Solution of (2)
To seek two-soliton solution, the following ansatz is consideredin which and are defined asNow, by applying the MEFS, we acquireA profile of the evolution of the two-soliton solution (29) is given in Figure 1.
2.2.3. Three-Soliton Solution of (2)
To derive three-soliton solution, it is assumedin which and are defined asNow, applying the MEFS yieldsA profile of the evolution of the three-soliton solution (33) is given in Figure 2.
3. Concluding Remarks
We note that multiple soliton solutions of (1) and (2) are in agreement with [19, 21, 22]. Moreover, we should emphasize the approach employed here was independent of the bilinear forms, simplified Hirota method, Darboux transformation method, or Bell polynomial technique. Finally we can say the multiple exp-function algorithm is an elegant and versatile method that can be adopted to other NLEEs of mathematical physics.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
This work of Qin Zhou was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11705130 and 1157149), this author was also sponsored by the Chutian Scholar Program of Hubei Government in China.