Retention Characteristics of CBTi144 Thin Films Explained by Means of X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy

Biasotto, G.; Simões, A. Z.; Riccardi, C. S.; Zaghete, M. A.; Longo, E.; Varela, J.  A.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/710269

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2010 | Article ID 710269 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/710269

Retention Characteristics of CBTi144 Thin Films Explained by Means of X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy

G. Biasotto,¹A. Z. Simões,²C. S. Riccardi,¹M. A. Zaghete,¹E. Longo,¹and J. A. Varela¹

Academic Editor: Zoe Barber

Received05 Feb 2010

Accepted06 Apr 2010

Published10 Jun 2010

Abstract

(CBTi144) thin films were grown on Pt/Ti//Si substrates using a soft chemical solution and spin-coating method. Structure and morphology of the films were characterized by the X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman analysis, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The films present a single phase of layered-structured perovskite with polar axis orient. The a/b-axis orientation of the ferroelectric film is considered to be associated with the preferred orientation of the Pt bottom electrode. XPS measurements were employed to understand the nature of defects on the retention behavior of CBTi144 films. We have observed that the main source of retention-free characteristic of the capacitors is the oxygen environment in the CBTi144 lattice.

1. Introduction

Bismuth-based layer-structured ferroelectrics (BLSFs) are attractive materials because of their high potential for application to ferroelectric random access memories (FeRAM), piezoelectric resonators, and dynamic random access memories [1, 2]. CaBi₄Ti₄O₁₅ is a member of the Aurivillius family, (Bi₂O₂)²⁺ (A_n-1B_nO3_n+1)^2-, in which A represents mono-, di-, tri-valent ions and B represents tetra-, penta- or hexavalent ions. The compounds such as PbBi₄Ti₄O₁₅, BaBi₄Ti₄O₁₅, and SrBi₄Ti₄O₁₅, which have the n value of 4, have been studied for their anisotropic ferroelectricity [3–7]. CBTi144 is characterized by its high Curie point of about 790C and therefore is expected to be useful for special applications at relatively high temperature [8, 9]. Compounds in the family have anisotropic ferroelectricity, which is strongly associated with the crystal structure, especially the compounds with n equal to an even number which have no polarization along the c axis because there is a mirror plane perpendicular to the axis [10, 11]. The polarization of the compounds is along the a axis. Therefore, the thin films with a-axis orientation are preferred for use in many kind of devices, such as ferroelectric random access memories, piezoelectric microactuators, and resonators. The crystallinity and orientation of the Pt bottom electrodes were found to affect the phase transition of paraelectric to ferroelectric in CBTi144 thin films [12].

CBTi144 thin films have been synthesized via the chemical solution deposition techniques, such as the sol-gel and metalorganic decomposition method, and characterized for application to integrated systems such as ferroelectric random access memories because of their high resistance to fatigue and low processing temperature [13–18]. Also, other technique which is being used nowadays consists of a simple hydroxides precursor for the synthesis of bulk compounds at very low temperatures. This process has been used by us successfully to prepare many technologically important compounds [19–25]. The method is easily amenable for large-scale production and relatively economical. The bulk CBT powders can be used as a target for DC sputtering and laser ablation methods for the preparation of corresponding thin films.

Among various methods such as MOCVD, pulsed laser deposition, and sol-gel, the polymeric precursor method has a better potential for technological applications, because of its precise control of composition and homogeneity and good conformality [26]. The overall process consists of preparing a coating solution based on metallic citrate polymerization [25]. The precursor film is deposited by dip or spin coating and then treated to eliminate the organic material and synthesize the desired phase.

In a ferroelectric material, the fatigue and retention endurance properties deteriorate with the increase of switching pulse width. Nowadays, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) which is sensitive to local electronic structure of constituent atoms and is among the most suitable technique for investigating the effects of surface layers on the polarization properties and ferroelectric behavior of polycrystalline ceramics [27].

Earlier work [28] proposed that the self-regulating (Bi₂O₂)²⁺ layer in SBT can compensate the space charge near the electrode and plays a crucial role in its fatigue-free behavior, whereas another Aurivillius compound, Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ (BIT), [29] exhibits a severe fatigue failure. From recent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies of BIT ceramics, [30] and (00l) epitaxy thin ﬁlms of SBT and BIT, Park et al. [31] argued that the difference in oxygen stability in the perovskite layer between SBT and BIT should be related to their distinct fatigue resistance, in addition to the universally accepted role of the (Bi₂O₂)²⁺ layer. In another investigation on the different fatigue behaviors of two iso-structural Aurivillius compounds, SBT and Bi₃TiTaO₉, [32] Kang et al. more directly suggested that a Bi-free perovskite layer enhances its oxygen stability and, hence, leads to the fatigue-free property of SBT. This result concurrently supports the qualitative fatigue-free model inferred from previous XPS measurements. In this way, the main goal of this work is to employ XPS studies to explore the nature of defects in the crystal lattice of ferroelectric material and probe their surface characteristics.

2. Experimental

Calcium citrate (Synth), titanium isopropoxide (Hulls AG) and bismuth oxide (Aldrich) were used as raw materials. The precursor solutions of calcium, bismuth, and titanium were prepared by adding the raw materials to ethylene glycol and concentrate aqueous citric acid under heating and stirring. Appropriate quantities of Ca, Ti, and Bi solutions were mixed and homogeneized by stirring at 90C. The molar ratio of metal : citric acid : ethylene glycol was 1 : 4 : 16. The viscosity of the resulting solution was adjusted to 20 cP by controlling the water content using a Brookfield viscosimeter. The CBTi144 thin films were spin coated on Pt/Ti/SiO₂/Si substrates by a commercial spinner operating at 5000 revolutions/min for 30 s (spin coater KW-4B, Chemat Technology). In this work, an excess of 5% wt of Bi was added to the solution aiming to minimize the bismuth loss during the thermal treatment. Without this additional bismuth the pure phase could not be obtained as was reported in literature [33]. The thin films were annealed at 700C for 2 hours in the conventional furnace. Through this process, we have obtained thickness values of about 310 nm for CBTi144, reached by repeating the spin-coating and heating treatment cycles. The thickness of the annealed films was studied using scanning electron microscopy (Topcom SM-300) by looking at the transversal section. In this case, backscattering electrons were used.

The preparation of the CBTi144 deposition solution was described in detail elsewhere [33]. Phase analysis of the films was performed at room temperature by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Bragg-Brentano diffractometer (Rigaku 2000) and CuKα radiation. Infrared analysis was performed on (Bruker-Equinox 55, Germany) Fourier transformed infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), using a 30 specular reflectance accessory. The FT-IR reflectance spectra of the thin films were recorded at room temperature in the 400–1200 cm⁻¹ range. Raman measurements were performed using an ISA T 64000 triple monochromator. An optical microscope with 80 X objective was used to focus the 514.5-nm radiation from a Coherent Innova 99 Ar⁺ laser on the sample. Since XPS is sensitive to local electronic structure of constituent atoms, it can be used to probe the chemical nature and to investigate differences in the defect charge of the films. Photoelectron spectra of Bi 4f, Ti 2p, and Ca 2p core levels were recorded using a computer controlled data collection system. The electron analyzer was set at pass energy of 10 eV. A PHI-5702 multifunction X-ray photoelectron spectrometer was used, working with an Al-Kα X-ray source of 29.35 eV passing energy. The pressure in the chamber during the experiments was about 4.5.10^-9 Torr. Calibration of binding energy scale was controlled using the O1’s line, which appears in the photoelectron spectra of the as-received samples.

The ferroelectric properties of the capacitors were measured by a Radiant Technology Tester RT6000 A in a virtual ground mode. Retention characteristics of the films were measured at room temperature using a Radiant Technology RT6000 A test system. We have measured independently the time-dependent changes of (switched polarization), and (nonswitched polarization).

3. Results and Discussion

Figure 1 shows the XRD pattern of CBTi144 thin film annealed at 700C for 2 hours. CBTi144 films on the platinum coated silicon substrates showed a high intensity of the (200)/(020) diffraction line compared to the other lines, although the (200) and (020) diffraction lines could not be distinguished from each other. The characteristic orientation is considered to be due to good matching of atomic arrangements in CBTi144 (100)/(010) and underlying Pt planes. Characteristic peak for platinum coated silicon (100) substrates was observed in the range of . Since the lattice constants of a (or b) and c of the CBTi144 film is close to 0.5417 and 4.086 nm, the lattice mismatches between the ferroelectric phase and Pt lattice were given as remarkably small as 1.1% and 4.9%, respectively. The characteristic (100)/(010) orientation of the CBTi144 film is based on the good lattice matching of CBTi144 (001) with Pt (100) planes.

The FT-IR absorption spectrum of the CBTi144 film is shown in Figure 2. Measurements were carried out in reflection mode. A broad absorption peak of the BO₆ stretching mode was observed at 550–740 cm⁻¹ suggesting the formation of pure perovskite phase [34]. The very small absorption band at 1439 cm^-1 can be interpreted as C=O vibration due to extremely small unavoidable traces of carbonate. Strong intense bands at 3772 and below 700 cm⁻¹ were observed. The bands located at 3420 and 1615 cm⁻¹ correspond to the ν (O–H) mode of (H-bonded) water molecules and (OH), respectively. Residual water and hydroxy group are usually detected in the as-prepared samples and further heat treatment is necessary for their elimination.

Raman spectra of CBTi144 film evidenced vibrational modes located at 67, 193, 212, 442, 591, and 821 cm^-1 (Figure 3). The modes located below 200 cm^-1 can be addressed to different sites occupied by bismuth within the perovskite layer. On the other hand, the vibrational modes located at 207, 442, 587, and 819 cm^-1 result from the TiO₆ octahedral (Ti = 5 or Ti = 6). Slight changes which occur above 200 cm^-1 can be associated to structural distortion and reduction of vibrations in the TiO₅ octahedra. The position occupied by calcium on the bismuth site within the perovskite structure having marginal influence in the interactions between the (Bi₂O₂)²⁺ layers and perovskite.

A plan-view TEM image of the CBTi144 film shows the microstructure and the selected area diffraction (SAD) patterns (Figures 4(a) and 4(b)). It could be noticed the polycrystallinity of the grains in the plane of the films. Besides that, the diffraction patterns indicate strong randomness of atom position, as previous noted in the XRD data (Figure 4(b)). A detailed analysis reveals that the film is free of pyrochlore structure due to the suppression effect of the Pt bottom. This result is in agreement with those reported in the literature [35] and with those previously reported by our group [36]. Pores less than 10 nm in size are present within the grains and along the grain boundaries. Well-developed and uniform columnar grains of perovskite phase with an estimated size of about 46 nm were observed (Figure 4(a)). The low grain size results in a slower oxygen ion motion and consequently lower grain growth rate This implies that calcium substitution in the A site reduces the concentration of oxygen vacancies in the vicinity of Bi and Ti ions. When Ca is added in the system the TiO₆ octahedral linked to Bi₂O₂ is not shrinked, allowing the movement of Ti⁴⁺ ions and thus improving the space charge compensation. This result is in agreement with the good ferroelectric response of CBTi144 thin films and can be related to reduction of oxygen vacancy acting as space charge which causes strong domain pinning and inhibits the poling of the film.

(a)

(b)

In order to gain further understanding on the defects created by crystallization of CBTi144 thin films, X-ray photoemission analysis was performed. Photoemission of Bi 4f, Ca 2p, Ti 2p core levels was performed and the results are shown in Figure 5. The photoemission spectra of Bi 4f core level indicates that the 7/2 and 5/2 spin-orbit double component are located approximately at 160.4 and 165.7 eV, respectively (Figure 5(a)). The spin-orbit splitting of Bi 4f core levels is around 5.3 eV. The binding energy of Bi 4f is not strong influenced by calcium addition indicating a reduction in the oxygen vacancy concentration in the system. This tendency to keep unchanged the binding energy suggests no fluctuations in the chemical valence of Bi and Ti. That is to say, the chemical valence of Bi and Ti is +3 and +4 valence state, which implies that the substitution of calcium in the A site have influence in the concentration of oxygen vacancies in the vicinity of Bi and Ti ions. This explain that when Ca is added in the system, the TiO₆ octahedral linked to Bi₂O₂ have no shrinks, allowing the movement of Ti⁴⁺ ions and thus affecting the space charge compensation. These results indicate that the environment of the oxygen ions near the Ca and Bi ions is different. The photoemission spectra of Ca 2p core levels indicates that the 3/2 and 5/2 spin-orbit double component are located approximately at 347.8 and 351.3 eV, respectively (Figure 5(b)). Two types of spin-orbit doublet were evident: one is the spin-orbit doublet of the Ca 2p core level and the other is that in another Ca oxide different from CBTi144. The photoemission spectra of Ti 2p core levels are also shown (Figure 5(c)). The Ti 2p3/2 photoelectron peak appears in the XPS spectrum as a distinctively resolved feature at a binding energy position of 458.1 eV. The Ti 2p peak is slightly broader suggesting some oxygen at the perovskite layers are not taken out. These experimental results imply that oxygen vacancies could not be induced in the neighborhood of the Bi and the Ti atoms.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Ferroelectricity of the calcium bismuth titanate thin films was observed with remanent polarization equal to 14 C/cm² and coercive field equal to 64 kV/cm (Figure 6). It can be also noted the absence of imprint which causes a significant shift along the electric field axis towards the positive side. This indicates that our films present a small concentration of space charges in the electrode-film interface. The P_r and E_c values were improved compared with the values obtained for CBTi144 thin films with random orientation [37]. The higher P_r value suggests that the (100) orientation is preferred rather than the (010) orientation with respect to the present CBTi144 film.

It is retention failure of ferroelectric CBTi144 thin films that is related to oxygen vacancies present at the titanium-oxygen octahedral. Thus, to understand the retention failure in the layered perovskite materials is important to evaluate the nature of those defects. Figure 7(a) shows the long-time retention characteristics of the CBT144 thin films annealed in static air. The retained switchable polarization () was plotted as a function of retention time from 1 s to 10⁴ s at various electric fields from 75 to 300 kV/cm. The high value of initial polarization decayed by about 10% and approached a nearly steady-state value after a retention time of 1 s. The long-time retention characteristics ( and ) of the CBTi144 films is shown in Figure 7(b). The overall retention time dependence of polarization retention for the CBTi144 film is quite good. After a retention time of s, the polarization loss was only about 7% of the value measured at = 1.0 s for an applied electric field of 150 kV/cm. Depolarization fields generated by the redistribution of space charge, defects, and dipole charges could be the mechanisms for the polarization decay after writing. For the infant period (within 10 s), depolarization fields could be the main contribution to polarization loss. Similar retention loss behavior has been reported for Bi_3.25La_0.75Ti₃O₁₂ deposited on Pt/TiO₂/SiO₂/Si [38]. Note that greater than 40% retention loss is often observed for various ferroelectric thin films after 10⁴ s even at room temperature [39]. Such behavior has been attributed to a depolarization field which can exist due to the incomplete compensation between the polarization charge and the free charge in the electrodes. The depolarization field raises with increasing the retained polarization and is time dependent. The long-time retention loss is attributed to the effects of redistribution of defect charges. This effect leads to a small decrease in the polarization by compensating the polarization charges when the redistribution of defect charges is driven by polarization. When Ca is added in the system, the TiO₆ octahedra linked to Bi₂O₂ shrinks, restricting the movement of Ti⁴⁺ ions destroying the original functions of electrical insulation and space charge compensation. The oxygen vacancy acting as space charge will cause strong domain pinning and inhibits retention endurance. Oxygen vacancies neighboring bismuth ions are more likely inside the Bi₂O₂ layer than in the perovskite BiTiO₃ structure. In the perovskite portion of the Bi₄Ti₃O₂ structure, the Bi ion is placed in the center of the unit cell built by Ti cations. The oxygen anions form octahedral (TiO₆) enclosing the titanium ions. The Bi and Ti cations share oxygen atoms in the BiTiO₃ unit cell and thus the strong Ti–O bonds in the perovskite lattice are not easily broken implying a nonrandom distribution of oxygen vacancies and their confinement inside the Bi₂O₂ layer.

(a)

(b)

The outstanding affinity of Ti towards oxygen could further explain the proposed CBTi144 defect structure. Taking into account that ferroelectric responses of the Bi-layered perovskite materials are originated mainly from metal-oxygen octahedra, we argue that retention failures of CBTi144 films should be related to the oxygen vacancies present at the titanium-oxygen octahedra. These experimental results imply that oxygen vacancies could be induced in the neighborhood of the Bi and the Ti ions in BIT. Therefore, the oxygen atom in the stronger Ti–O bond carries a higher effective negative charge than in a weaker Bi–O bond. So compared with Bi–O bond, Ti–O bond is not easily broken by calcium addition. The electronic structure of [TiO₆] is favored by three factors: lack of oxygen vacancies, small amount of calcium ions for charge compensation, and abundance of complexes defect. Detailed retention measurements in close correlation with process conditions will be done to evaluate the merits of calcium bismuth titanate thin films for memory applications.

4. Conclusions

In summary, we investigated the nature of defects on retention characteristics of CBTi144 thin film obtained by the soft chemical method. The characteristic orientation of the CBTi144 thin film is considered to be due to good matching of atomic arrangements in CBTi144 (100)/(010) and underlying Pt planes. The film also consists of well-developed and uniform columnar grains of perovskite phase. FT-IR reflectance spectra confirmed a stronger metal-oxygen octahedral vibrational mode. XPS data indicates that the substitution of calcium in the A site have influence in the concentration of oxygen vacancies in the vicinity of Bi and Ti ions. Retention failure tests pointed to that the CBT144 films have quite good long-time retention characteristics, retaining 90% of the values measured at = 1 s. The oxygen environment in the CBTi144 lattice is the main source of retention-free characteristic of the ferroelectric capacitors.

Acknowledgment

The financial support from the Brazilian agencies FAPESP, CNPq, and CAPES is gratefully acknowledged.

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Copyright © 2010 G. Biasotto et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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