Abstract
The technology of composite heat treatment is used popularly for low friction and wear resistance of drive elements. A large number of papers about the heat treatment technology had been proposed. Especially, the nitride treatment has been used widely for the purpose of wear resistance and low friction in the industry. Therefore, the self-developed vertical ball/disk friction tester with the measurement system was used to study the effects of nitride on the tribological properties of the low carbon alloy steel—SCM415— in this study. The experiments were conducted under dry and severe wear conditions. The variations of friction coefficient and surface magnetization were simultaneously recorded during dynamic friction process. After each test, the microstructures of the wear particles were observed and analyzed under a SEM, and the depth of wear track is measured by means of a surface tester. According to the experimental results, the wear resistance of the specimens with carburizing-nitride is significantly larger than the case of nitride-carburizing. Moreover, the surface magnetization was especially larger for the case of nitride-carburizing. As a result, the wear particles always stay in the interfaces and the wear mechanism becomes complex. Therefore, it is necessary to put nitride after carburizing for the composite heat treatments.
1. Introduction
The performance of high quality and high accuracy is very important for the high accurate mechanical engineering. Hence, the drive elements play an important role when it was used in the actuator of the machine. Moreover, the high performance of low friction and wear resistance for drive elements is very important for the actuator. In order to achieve the above goal, the technology of composite heat treatment is attracted recently for the industry [1, 2].
A large number of papers about the composite heat treatment technology had been proposed [3, 4]. Especially, the nitride treatment has been used widely for the purpose of wear-resistance and long fatigue life in the industry [5, 6]. The tool steels containing Al or Cr by the nitride treatment are considered as a wise method for improving the surface hardness and the strength near the middle of the materials [7]. Therefore, the nitride treatment is always used to make surface hardening and improve wear resistance, fatigue life, and corrosion resistance for the tool steels [8, 9].
Since the authors had experimentally studied the tribological properties of the pair of iron with the carbon steels in depth [10–13], the knowledge is applied and adapted to the study of using continuous variation of friction coefficient for monitoring the tribological properties of the low carbon alloy steel in this paper. Therefore, the low friction and wear resistance for the carburizing steels of drive elements (such as SCM415) with nitride treatment are further investigated. Based on the results, the effects of different nitride treatments on the steels can be clarified. Besides, the purpose of better quality and faster product speed for the high accurate mechanical engineering can then be obtained.
2. Experimental Apparatus and Procedures
2.1. Experimental Apparatus
The experiments were conducted on a reciprocating friction tester with the measuring systems shown in Figure 1. A crank-slider mechanism was used in this reciprocating friction tester. The ball specimen was fixed to the carriage, which reciprocated along a V type roller bearing with an adjustable stroke via the length of the crank. In this study, the stroke of the crank-slider mechanism was set to 6 mm. The stationary cylinder specimen was placed on a rest, supported by the V type roller bearing. A load cell was attached to the rest for measuring the friction coefficient between the ball and cylinder specimens. Consequently, the friction coefficient between the pin and plate specimens can be measured easily. A normal load was applied to the ball specimen through the cylinder specimen and aligned using a level rule. Furthermore, in order to avoid the impact effect and to remain the complete contact between the specimens during the friction process, a softer spring () with an oil damper () was installed as part of the loading system.
In Figure 1, the response time is less than 1 ms with the accuracy of 0.1% full scale. During the reciprocating friction process, the friction coefficient between the contacting specimens was derived from the voltage signal from the load cell and was recorded simultaneously by a data acquisition system. The signals were then fed to a personal computer for data analysis.
2.2. Test Specimens
In order to simulate the operating conditions of the drive elements (such as Ball Screws), the test specimens are arranged as ball/cylinder. The ball specimens were made of SUJ2. Besides, the cylinder specimens were made of SCM415. Moreover, the cylinder specimens had been conducted with the different composite heat treatments before the friction tests. The specimens are shown in Figure 2 and their material properties are given in Table 1. Moreover, the surface hardness of the cylinder specimens is shown in Table 2.
2.3. Experimental Procedures
Prior to each friction test the specimens were cleaned with acetone in an ultrasonic cleaner before securely locked in position in the tester. The location and tightness between the ball and the cylinder interface were of paramount importance to ensure experimental accuracy. When the crank rotated clockwise at a set speed (cpm, cycles per minutes), the ball specimen reciprocated as a normal load was gradually applied to the interface of the specimens.
In this study, the reciprocating speed was fixed at 400 cpm (or the average speed of the ball specimen Va = 80 mm/s) and the normal loads were set as 50 N. The dynamic variations of friction coefficient were measured during each test. After each test, the wear particles were examined under a SEM. The depth of wear track is measured by means of a surface tester. The response time of the measuring system was less than 1 ms and the accuracy was 0.1% full scale.
All tests were carried out under dry friction condition. The average room temperature for the test was °C, and the average relative humidity was %.
3. Results and Discussions
Figure 3 shows the typical variations of friction coefficient with sliding distance produced by the SUJ2 ball sliding on the SCM415 with carburizing-tempering. It is seen from this figure that the average friction coefficient is about 0.65 during the sliding distance of 0~2.4 m. It gradually increases after the sliding distance of 14.4 m. This indicates that the oxide film had been broken. Moreover, the friction coefficient significantly decreases after the sliding distance of 43.2 m. It can be reasonably explained by that the wear particles play the roller role.
The typical variations of friction coefficient with sliding distance produced by the SUJ2 ball sliding on the SCM415 with nitride-carburizing-tempering are shown in Figure 4. The average friction coefficient is about 0.65 during the sliding distance of 0~2.4 m. It gradually increases after the sliding distance of 14.4 m. Moreover, the friction coefficient significantly increases after the sliding distance of 45 m. It can be reasonably explained by that the wear mechanism transfer to severe.
Figure 5 shows the typical variations of friction coefficient with sliding distance produced by the SUJ2 ball sliding on the SCM415 with carburizing-nitride. It is seen from this figure that the average friction coefficient is only 0.53 during the sliding distance of 0~2.4 m even when its surface hardness is the smallest. It gradually increases after the sliding distance of 14.4 m. Moreover, the friction coefficient significantly increases after the sliding distance of 45 m.
According to the above results, the friction coefficient of the specimen with carburizing-nitride is smaller than the other cases.
Representative metallograph and microstructures of surface for SCM415 with different composite heat treatments are shown in Figures 6–8. It is seen from Figure 6 that the film of the carburizing-tempering is about 0.09 mm. Figure 7 shows that the film of the nitride-carburizing is only about 0.006 mm. Moreover, the color is golden. On the other hand, the film of the carburizing-nitride is about 0.008 mm. The color is white as shown in Figure 8.
From the above results, the films of nitride-carburizing and carburizing-nitride are too thin to support the higher loads. Therefore, the wear resistance is not significant for them in this study.
Figure 9 shows the SEM micrographs of wear particle for SCM415 with carburizing-tempering. It is seen from this figure that 30~40% of the wear particles are larger than 5 μm order. The size of the larger wear particles reaches 100 μm order.
Figure 10 shows the SEM micrographs of wear particle for SCM415 with nitride-carburizing-tempering. The size of the larger wear particles is over 100 μm order. Moreover, the wear particles are countless and highly concentrated. By a gauss meter, it showed that the surface magnetization was especially larger.
Representative SEM micrographs of wear particle for SCM415 with carburizing-nitride are shown in Figure 11. It is seen from this figure that 50~60% of the wear particles are only several μm order. The size of the larger wear particles is about 10~20 μm.
Therefore, the surface magnetization was especially larger for the case of nitride-carburizing. As a result, the wear particles always stay in the interfaces and the wear mechanism becomes complex. Moreover, the amount of wear particle for SCM415 with nitride-carburizing-tempering or carburizing-nitride are significantly larger, that is, severe wear; this can be reasonably explained by the results shown in Figures 6–8. On the other hand, the wear particles are smaller and the wear mechanism is mild for SCM415 with carburizing-nitride. Therefore, it is necessary to put nitride after carburizing for the consideration of wear resistance and low surface magnetization.
Figures 12(a)–12(c) show the wear profile for the SCM415 specimens. It is seen from this figure that the depth of the wear track is only 10.3 μm for SCM415 with carburizing-tempering. However, the depth of the wear track can reach 21.5 μm for SCM415 with nitride-carburizing-tempering. Moreover, the depth of the wear track is about 18.2 μm for SCM415 with carburizing-nitride. Therefore, the wear resistance of the specimens with carburizing-tempering is significantly larger. Moreover, the wear-resistance of the specimens with carburizing-nitride is larger than the case of nitride-carburizing-tempering.
(a)
(b)
(c)
4. Conclusions
The effects of nitride on the tribological properties of the low carbon alloy steel—SCM415—have been investigated. From the experimental results and the SEM observations of the wear particles, the following conclusions have been drawn.(1)The friction coefficient of the specimen with carburizing-nitride is smaller than the other two cases.(2)The film of the carburizing-tempering is significantly larger. This is the reason that the wear-resistance of the specimens with carburizing-tempering is larger than the other cases. Moreover, the wear-resistance of the specimens with carburizing-nitride is larger than the case of nitride-carburizing.(3)The surface magnetization was especially larger for the case of nitride-carburizing. As a result, the wear particles always stay in the interfaces and the wear mechanism becomes severe and complex.(4)It is necessary to arrange nitride after carburizing for the consideration of low friction, wear resistance, and low surface magnetization.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to express their appreciation to the National Science Council in Taiwan, R.O.C., for their financial support under Grant nos. NSC 101-2221-E-168-012 and NSC 102-2622-E-150-002-CC2.