A Numerical Study on the Progressive Failure of 3D Four-Directional Braided Composites

Table 1

Degradation factors of the elastic properties.

Modes of failure	𝐸1	𝐸2	𝐸3	𝐺12	𝐺13	𝐺23
Fiber tensile failure (𝜎1>0)	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01
Fiber compressive failure (𝜎1<0)
Matrix tensile cracking (𝜎2>0)	—	0.01	—	0.2	—	0.2
Matrix compressive cracking (𝜎2<0)
Matrix normal-tensile cracking (𝜎3>0)	—	—	0.01	—	0.2	0.2
Matrix normal-compressive cracking (𝜎3<0)
Fiber-matrix shear-out (𝜎1<0)	—	—	—	0.2	0.2	—
Resin matrix failure	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.2	0.2	0.2