Abstract
PTFE samples were prepared with different thicknesses. Their electric field intensity and distribution of the PTFE samples placed inside a rectangular waveguide were simulated using finite element method. The calculation of transmission/reflection coefficients for all samples thickness was achieved via FEM. Amongst other observable features, result from calculation using FEM showed that the attenuation for the 15 mm PTFE sample is −3.32 dB; the 30 mm thick PTFE sample has an attenuation of 0.64 dB, while the 50 mm thick PTFE sample has an attenuation of 1.97 dB. It then suffices to say that, as the thickness of the PTFE sample increases, the attenuation of the samples at the corresponding thicknesses increases.
1. Introduction
Knowledge of materials behaviour placed in an electromagnetic field is of immense importance especially when it relates to military hardware, electronics, communication, and industrial applications. The measurement of coefficient of materials in the microwave frequency range is found in numerous areas. A good understanding of measurement of these materials and its attenuation is necessary to get useful information from materials proposed for use in microwave absorption.
Over the years, numerous methods have been used to calculate the coefficient of samples at microwave frequency. In the recent, Dudek et al. (1992) and Kumar et al. (2007), the vector network analyzer (VNA) has been used successfully to obtain the parameters of samples in the microwave wave range [1, 2].
A new approach is presented that relies upon 3D electromagnetic simulation results to characterize and calculate the coefficient using FEM. The COMSOL software [3] is based on finite element method (FEM) [3, 4] and this method has been used to simulate rectangular waveguide with three dimensions [5, 6]. The 3D simulation results may be used to replace the need for complex theoretical analysis of the measurement geometry. The method is applied to an X-band rectangular waveguide setup, for which the theoretical -parameters can be readily calculated. A PTFE sample is used in our work for all measurements and calculations. Results obtained from simulations are then compared to find the best thickness in terms of attenuation of signal at X-band frequency.
2. Theory and Methodology
The analysis in FEM involves four important steps [7]. These steps include (a) discretizing the solution region into finite number of elements, (b) deriving governing equations for a typical element, (c) assembling of all elements in the solution region, and (d) solving the system of equations obtained. It is considered that the electric field is uniform within an element. Thus,
The elements in a solution region can be calculated using the following equation: where is the area of the elements in a domain. After establishing the governing equations the next step is to assemble all elements in the solution region. The energy dissipated within the assembling of all elements in the mesh is given as where is the number of nodes, is the number of elements, [] is the overall global coefficient matrix, and [] is the potential.
In the methodology, we need to calculate the values of and using the FEM. In this method, the wave equation of a wave guide is paramount in calculating the magnitudes. The equation of a wave guide is given as [8–10]
In (4), is relative permeability, is free pace wave number, is imaginary unit, is conductivity, is angular frequency, is relative permittivity, and is permittivity of air. The vector wave equation for transverse fields can be obtained if there is no conduction current. Thus, the wave equation is given as [11] where is the free space wave number, is the propagation constant, is the complex permittivity profile, and is the vector Laplacian operator.
In the FEM, first of all we assign our work in the 3D work plane before going into the RF module, where electromagnetic wave is selected for harmonic waves. The length of the wave guide is 20 cm long and this was drawn within the work plane, while the length and width of the port of the wave guide was drawn (2.228 cm by 1.143 cm). Axis grids, parameter constants, cut-off frequency of simulation, and frequency range are all assigned. It is important to note that the model consists of two rectangular waveguides with microwave excitation along them. The transition mode through the rectangular waveguide used in our work is the TE10 mode. The complex permittivity value used in the simulation is () and the permeability value used in our simulation is 1 [12].
Attenuation is a function which can be affected by some factors. One factor affecting attenuation that would be discussed in this work is sample thickness. Thickness of material has influence on the attenuation coefficients of materials [13]. Attenuation of PTFE at thicknesses of 15 mm, 30 mm, and 50 mm is calculated in this work. The formula used to calculate attenuation for calculated FEM result is given as [14]
3. Result and Discussion
The FEM calculated results for and for the 15 mm, 30 mm, and 50 mm thick PTFE samples using FEM are shown in Figure 1.
(a)
(b)
(c)
The result obtained from simulation of the PTFE sample for different thicknesses showed that the transmission coefficient for all thicknesses was greater than the reflection coefficient. For the 15 mm thick PTFE sample, the mean transmission coefficients were calculated to be equal to 0.939 and the reflection coefficient calculated value was 0.309. For the 30 mm thick sample, the calculated transmission coefficient was 0.935, while the reflection coefficient was 0.284. For the 50 mm thick PTFE sample, the calculated transmission coefficient was calculated to be 0.926, while the reflection coefficient was calculated to be 0.343.
The above analysis confirms that the transmission coefficient depends on the thickness of the sample. The result shows that as the sample thickness increases, the transmission coefficient decreases. The result for and material thickness is shown in Table 1 and represented with a graph in Figure 2.
The simulation and determination of the electric field intensity were done using FEM. The result obtained from the simulation is presented in Figure 3, for the 15 mm, 30 mm, and 50 mm PTFE samples, respectively.
(a)
(b)
(c)
The rectangular waveguide that is simulated is divided into three regions as the architecture depicts. These regions are region I, region II, and region III. For this work, regions I and III are encapsulated in air, while region II represents the samples. In the geometry of simulation, the -axis represents the length of the rectangular wave guide encompassing all the three regions.
To determine the intensity in each region of the rectangular waveguide, a plot for the whole rectangular wave guide against amplitude of intensity is extrapolated and presented in Figure 3.
For the calculation of attenuation from the field intensity, two variables are important for the calculation. The two important variables are the highest incident intensity in region I and the highest emergent intensity in region III.
For the 15 mm thick PTFE sample in Figure 3(a), the highest incident electric intensity at region I is 2,635.465 v/m, while at region III the maximum value of the transmitted intensity is 3,860.375 v/m. Thus from (6), the attenuation for the 5 mm thick PTFE sample at 12 GHz is calculated to be −3.32 dB.
For the 30 mm thick PTFE sample in Figure 3(b), the highest incident electric intensity at region I is 2856.94 v/m, while at region III the maximum value of transmitted intensity is 3074.13 v/m. Thus from (6), the attenuation for the 30 mm thick PTFE sample at 12 GHz is calculated to be 0.64 dB.
For the 50 mm thick PTFE sample in Figure 3(c), the highest incident electric intensity at region I is 256.36 v/m, while at region III the maximum value of the transmitted intensity is 1.97 v/m. Thus from (6), the attenuation for the 30 mm thick PTFE sample at 12 GHz is calculated to be 1.97 dB.
Table 2 shows the attenuation of PTFE samples at thicknesses of 15 mm, 30 mm, and 50 mm. The result presented in Table 1 is used to plot a graph of attenuation against thickness of materials. Result of plot is shown in Figure 4.
Result from the graph reveals that the attenuation for the 15 mm PTFE sample is −3.32 dB; the 30 mm thick PTFE sample has an attenuation of 0.64 dB, while the 50 mm thick PTFE sample has an attenuation of 1.97 dB. The result shows a sequential behavioural pattern in terms of magnitude of attenuation at these thicknesses. It then implies to say that as the thickness of the PTFE sample increases, the attenuation of the samples at the corresponding thicknesses increases.
4. Conclusion
In this work the simulation of electric field intensity, calculation of transmission/reflection coefficients, and determination of attenuation of PTFE sample with different thicknesses were undertaken using FEM. Results obtained for the calculation of the transmission/reflection coefficients revealed that transmission coefficients for all samples were greater in magnitude than values obtained for reflection coefficients. The calculated value for using FEM for the 15 mm thick PTFE sample was 0.939 with a value of 0.309. The 30 mm thick PTFE sample had a value of 0.935 with a corresponding value of 0.284. Finally, the 50 mm thick PTFE had a calculated value of 0.926 with a corresponding value of 0.343. The parameter analysis confirmed that the FEM can be used to calculate magnitude of materials placed in waveguide and the result also confirmed that magnitude is greater than magnitude with a decreasing trend as the sample thickness increases.
The attenuation of the different thicknesses showed that the thicker the sample thickness is, the higher the attenuation of the PTFE sample is.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgment
The authors wish to thank the Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) for its support and for the provision of enabling environment to carry out this work.