Electropolished Titanium Implants with a Mirror-Like Surface Support Osseointegration and Bone Remodelling

Figure 4

Raman spectra of the (a) native bone and the interfacial tissue 5–10 µm from the (c) Ep and (e) Ep+An implant surfaces. (b) Osteocytes in the native bone are aligned parallel to the lamellar direction. The interface between the bone tissue contained within the (d) Ep and (f) Ep+An implant threads and the native bone outside the implant threads. Scale bars = 20 µm. (g) Raman spectra (y-axis shifted) for the three groups: bone, anodised, and electropolished. Inset in (g): Raman spectra (overlaid/not y-axis shifted, x-axis truncated) showing the half-maximum region of ν₁ at 960 cm⁻¹. The difference in full width at half maximum suggests minor differences in mineral crystallinity.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)