First-Principles Calculations of the Structure Stability and Mechanical Properties of LiFeAs and NaFeAs under Pressure

Hu, Zhengquan; Xu, Weiwei; Chen, Cai; Wen, Yufeng; Liu, Lili

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3219685

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Abstract Introduction Results and Discussion Conclusions Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2018 | Article ID 3219685 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3219685

First-Principles Calculations of the Structure Stability and Mechanical Properties of LiFeAs and NaFeAs under Pressure

Zhengquan Hu,¹Weiwei Xu,²Cai Chen,³Yufeng Wen,^4,5and Lili Liu⁶

Academic Editor: David Holec

Received13 Sept 2017

Revised17 Dec 2017

Accepted16 Jan 2018

Published27 Mar 2018

Abstract

The lattice parameters and elastic constants of the tetragonal LiFeAs and NaFeAs under different pressures have been investigated by using the first-principles calculations. It is found that their lattice parameters at 0 GPa are in agreement with the available experimental data. By the elastic stability criteria under isotropic pressure, it is found that LiFeAs and NaFeAs with the tetragonal structure are not mechanically stable above 16 GPa and 18 GPa, respectively. Besides, Pugh’s modulus ratio, Poisson’s ratio, Vickers hardness, and elastic anisotropy factors of LiFeAs in the pressure range of 0–16 GPa and NaFeAs in the pressure range of 0–18 GPa are systematically investigated. It is shown that their ductilities increase with increasing pressure, and the ductility of NaFeAs is superior to that of LiFeAs under different pressures.

1. Introduction

The recent discovery of superconductivity in LaO_1−xF_xFeAs with a superconducting transition temperature () of 26 K has generated tremendous interest in the ion based on the layered superconductor field [1]. Substitution of lanthanum in LaO_1−xF_xFeAs with other rare earth metals results in a series of superconducting compounds REFeAsO_1−xF_x, where RE = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, or Cd, with closing or exceeding 50 K [2–5]. Fe-based superconductors are a broad family of groups including three main types of Fe-based superconductors, namely, REFeAsO (RE = rare earth, abbreviated as 1111 type), AeFe₂As₂ (Ae = alkaline earth, abbreviated as 122 type), and AFeAs (A = alkaline, abbreviated as 111 type). Parent compounds of 1111 and 122 types do not superconduct, but 111 type compounds LiFeAs and NaFeAs superconduct [6]. The critical transition temperature values of LiFeAs and NaFeAs are K and K, respectively [7–10]. The absence of the spin density wave (SDW) transition and the relatively low in comparison with the 1111 type and 122 type of iron-based superconductors make LiFeAs and NaFeAs possible candidates for being conventional BCS superconductors. In some sense, LiFeAs and NaFeAs are important with regard to understanding the mechanism of superconductivity in iron-based superconductors. The compounds LiFeAs and NaFeAs have a structure of tetragonal symmetry (P4/nmm), and α-PbO-type layers of edge-sharing FeAs_4/4 tetrahedra interspersed with Li and Na atoms at interstitial sites of the As layer, which is shown in Figure 1. However, owing to the evaporation loss of Li/Na during the high-temperature reaction [11], the stoichiometric LiFeAs and NaFeAs compounds are difficult to be synthesized experimentally. With the fast development of computer, various properties of LiFeAs and NaFeAs compounds have been investigated by the first-principles calculations. For example, the elastic coefficients, bulk moduli, and shear moduli of LiFeAs crystals have been calculated from the first principles using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method [12]. Li et al. [13] investigated the crystal, spin, and electronic structure of LiFeAs superconductors by the first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory. More recently, a study on doping effect on the electronic band structure and magnetic properties of LiFeAs and NaFeAs compounds was carried out using ab initio method [11]. These results are very important to further scientific and technical investigations.

Elastic properties of a solid are significant because some physical properties such as the equation of state, specific heat, thermal expansion, bulk modulus, Young’s modulus, melting point, and Poisson’s ratio can be determined from its elastic constants. The velocity of sound of the longitudinal wave and shear wave and the strength of a material can be also derived from its elastic constants [14]. However, to date, elastic constants of LiFeAs and NaFeAs under high pressures have never been fully investigated. Following this, the present study has been conducted to predict the elastic properties of LiFeAs and NaFeAs under high pressure by using the first-principles calculations within the density functional theory. In addition, various mechanical properties including the bulk modulus, shear modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and elastic wave velocities have also been obtained and discussed in detail with increasing pressure based on the calculated elastic constants. The paper is organized as follows: the theoretical method is briefly described in Section 2; Section 3 presents the calculated results with some discussions; and Section 4 presents the conclusions.

2. Method of Calculation

In the present work, the first-principles calculations were performed by using the projector augmented wave (PAW) method [15, 16] within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), as implemented in the VASP code developed at the Institute für Materialphysik of Universität Wien [17–19]. The exchange-correlation effects were treated within the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) approximation [20, 21]. In this work, 2s¹, 2p⁶3s¹, 3p⁶4s¹3d⁷, and 4s²4p³ are treated as the valence electrons for Li, Na, Fe, and As, respectively. The k-point meshes for Brillouin zone sampling were constructed using the Monkhorst-Pack scheme [22], and the 10 10 8 k-point mesh is employed to calculate the lattice and elastic constants of LiFeAs and NaFeAs under different pressures. In addition, a plane-wave basis set with energy cutoff 500 eV is used, and the energy convergence criterion is set to 10⁻⁶ eV for all calculations. The structural parameters of LiFeAs and NaFeAs under different pressures are optimized by the full relaxations with respect to the volume, shape, and all internal atomic positions until the change in the total energy is smaller than 10⁻⁵ eV between two ionic relaxation steps. LiFeAs and NaFeAs are detected to have no magnetic order at any temperature, so spin polarization is not considered in all calculations.

Let be the initial configuration of a material element, and the same material element has coordinate after a homogeneous elastic deformation. The deformation gradient is described as

From the deformation gradients, we define finite Lagrangian strains as follows:

The elastic energy () can be expanded in a Taylor series in terms of the strain tensor as follows:where V is the volume of the unstrained lattice. After using the Voigt notation for the strain tensors , , , , , and , (3) can be simply expressed as

For LiFeAs and NaFeAs with the tetragonal structure, there are six independent elastic constants , , , , , and . To obtain the complete set of the elastic constants, we introduce six Lagrangian strain tensors in terms of a single strain parameter ξ. The elastic energy per unit mass can be written as an expansion in the strain parameter ξ:

The coefficient is combinations of the elastic constants (, , , , , and ). The six specific strain tensors labeled as () can be expressed as

The corresponding strain energy density can be expressed as

For each strain tensor , the strain parameter ξ varies from −0.02 to 0.02 with a finite step size of 0.002.

Based on the calculated elastic constants, the bulk modulus B and shear modulus G can be evaluated in terms of the Voigt-Reuss-Hill (VRH) scheme [23]. The Voigt bounds on bulk () and shear () moduli are defined as [24]and the Reuss bounds on bulk () and shear () moduli are defined as [25]

The Hill averages of bulk (B) and shear (G) moduli are obtained by

3. Results and Discussion

In Table 1, we list the lattice structures of LiFeAs and NaFeAs with the tetragonal structure under different pressures. The optimized lattice parameters at zero pressure are a = 3.791 Å, c = 6.113 Å and a = 3.929 Å, c = 6.902 Å for LiFeAs and NaFeAs, respectively, which agree with the available experimental values a = 3.769 Å, c = 6.306 Å for LiFeAs and a = 3.947 Å, c = 6.991 Å for NaFeAs [7–10] and the theoretical values a = 3.77 Å, c = 6.10 Å for LiFeAs and a = 3.89 Å, c = 6.87 Å for NaFeAs [26]. It is a pity that there are no experimental data under high pressure for comparison. It is found that the lattice parameters decrease with increasing pressure. Besides, the lattice parameters and the volume of NaFeAs are always larger than those of LiFeAs under different pressures, which can be easily explained by the fact that the atomic radius of Li is smaller than that of Na.

Knowledge of the elastic constants is crucial for understanding the structural stability, the anisotropic character of the bonding, and the bonding characteristic between the adjacent atomic planes. The present results ( = 144.9 GPa, = 37.1 GPa, = 35.3 GPa, = 101.8 GPa, = 27.3 GPa, and = 63.8 GPa for LiFeAs and = 117.4 GPa, = 36.7 GPa, = 30.0 GPa, = 54.8 GPa, = 25.9 GPa, and = 58.1 GPa for NaFeAs) nearly agree with the recent theoretical results ( = 180.5 GPa, = 56.0 GPa, = 60.5 GPa, = 104.4 GPa, = 52.1 GPa, and = 66.9 GPa for LiFeAs and = 147.8 GPa, = 58.3 GPa, = 56.7 GPa, = 110.3 GPa, = 40.9 GPa, and = 59.9 GPa for NaFeAs) [26]. The pressure dependence of the elastic constants (, , , , , and ) of LiFeAs and NaFeAs is illustrated in Figure 2. The elastic constants and are closely associated with the uniaxial sound propagation, and the other elastic constants , , , and are mainly related to the nonaxial sound propagation. From Figure 2, it can be seen that , , , , and increase with increasing pressure; however, has the opposite change trend. It is also noted from Figure 2 that the values of and are the largest among all the elastic constants under different pressures, which demonstrates that both LiFeAs and NaFeAs cannot be easily compressed under uniaxial stress. Furthermore, in both systems, is proved to be true in the whole range of pressure, which indicates that the atomic bonds along the [100] direction between the nearest neighbors are stronger than those along the [001] direction.

(a)

(b)

For a tetragonal crystal, the mechanical stability under isotropic pressure leads to restrictions on the elastic constants as follows [27–29]:where (), , and . cannot be firstly satisfied at higher pressure among all the mechanical stability conditions for LiFeAs and NaFeAs. Figure 3 shows the pressure-dependent of LiFeAs and NaFeAs. When GPa for LiFeAs and GPa for NaFeAs, , which suggests that their structure phase transitions may happen above pressures about 16 GPa and 18 GPa for LiFeAs and NaFeAs, respectively. The crystal structural evolution of NaFeAs as a function of pressure has been investigated by Liu et al. [30] through the synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and diamond anvil cell technique, and a clear structural phase transition at about 20 GPa is found. Subsequently, the pressure-induced structural phase transitions in LiFeAs and NaFeAs have been systematically investigated by Zhang et al. [31] through the first-principles calculations based on the CALYPSO structural searches. And they reported that the structural phase transition happened at about 22 GPa for NaFeAs and at about 22.2 GPa for LiFeAs. Therefore, our results about the phase transition nearly agree with the previous experimental and theoretical values to a certain extent, especially for NaFeAs.

In order to predict the plastic properties of a solid, a simple relationship predicted by Pugh [32] links empirically the brittle or ductile behavior of materials with their elastic moduli by . The values of B are 66.5 GPa and 49.9 GPa for LiFeAs and NaFeAs, respectively, which are in agreement with the experimental values 57.3(6) GPa [33] and 52.3(2) GPa [33] for LiFeAs and NaFeAs, respectively. Meanwhile, the agreement between our calculations and experimental results at 0 GPa provides reliability for the elastic properties under higher pressures. A high (low) value is associated with brittleness (ductility). If , the material will display a ductile behavior; otherwise, it will display a brittle behavior. Figure 4(a) displays as a function of pressure. Obviously, the ratio decreases with increasing pressure, and the decreasing degree of NaFeAs is larger than that of LiFeAs in the whole pressure, which demonstrates that high pressure can improve their ductilities and more effectively improve the ductility of NaFeAs. Besides, it is observed from Figure 4(a) that the value of NaFeAs is smaller than that of LiFeAs in the whole pressure in addition to the existing small difference at 0 GPa, illustrating that NaFeAs is more ductile than LiFeAs under different pressures except at 0 GPa. Pettifor has suggested that the angular character of atomic bonding in metals and intermetallics, which also relates to the brittle or ductile characteristics, could be described by the Cauchy pressure. For a tetragonal crystal, the Cauchy pressure can be defined as and [34]. For metallic bonding, the Cauchy pressure is typically positive, while for directional bonding, it is negative, with larger negative pressure representing a more directional character. The pressure dependence of Cauchy pressures of LiFeAs and NaFeAs is plotted in Figure 4(b). Obviously, their Cauchy pressures increase with increasing pressure, and NaFeAs has higher Cauchy pressure than LiFeAs under different pressures. That is, we can obtain the same conclusion from both the ratio and the Cauchy pressure. In addition, Poisson’s ratio with can also reflect the ductile properties, which usually ranges from −1 to 0.5. The higher the Poisson ratio is, the better the ductility is. Furthermore, ν is larger than 1/3 for ductile materials and less than 1/3 for brittle materials. Figure 4(c) presents the pressure dependence of Poisson’s ratio for LiFeAs and NaFeAs. It is clear that, in both systems, the values of ν increase with increasing pressure, and the increasing degree of NaFeAs is larger than that of LiFeAs in the whole pressure. Moreover, hardness defined as the resistance of a material to deform is another important parameter to describe the mechanical properties of a material. As we all know, both Pugh’s modulus ratio and Poisson’s ratio have a close relationship with the hardness of a material. On the basis of Teter’s famous empirical correlation [35], a simplified formula of Vickers hardness proposed by Chen et al. [36, 37] can be written as , where . This formula demonstrates that the hardness is not only related to the shear modulus but also to the bulk modulus. Figure 4(d) displays the change in Vickers hardness versus pressure for LiFeAs and NaFeAs. It is noteworthy that the hardness data are intrinsic, ignoring microstructural effects. Obviously, in both systems, the hardness decreases with pressure, indicating that high pressure is conducive to the formation of ionic bonds and consequently results in the increase of ductility. Besides, NaFeAs has smaller Vickers hardness than LiFeAs under different pressures, indicating that the metallic bonding of NaFeAs is stronger than that of LiFeAs, that is, the ductility of NaFeAs is superior to that of LiFeAs under different pressures.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

The anisotropy is also a key parameter to determine the mechanical properties of a material. A proper description of anisotropic behavior has a significant implication in engineering science as well as in crystal physics. For a tetragonal crystal, the shear anisotropic factors along and planes are defined as follows [14, 28]:

Both and must be equal to one for an isotropy crystal, while any value smaller or greater than one measures the degree of elastic anisotropy. The anisotropic factors and with pressure for LiFeAs and NaFeAs are plotted in Figure 5. It can be found that, in both systems, decreases and increases with increasing pressure, which have the same change trend as that of the reported tetragonal WN₂ [28]. decreases with pressure which may be resulted from the increase in the longitudinal modes and and decrease in the shear mode with pressure. Furthermore, it can be seen from Figure 5 that all the values of are smaller than one and those of are greater than one, that is, all the values deviate from one and the degree of deviation increases with increasing pressure. Therefore, it can be concluded that high pressure can make LiFeAs and NaFeAs more elastically anisotropic.

(a)

(b)

To elucidate the nature of the pressure effect, the total and partial density of states (DOSs) of LiFeAs and NaFeAs under different pressures are calculated, just as shown in Figures 6(a)–6(f). For LiFeAs, our calculated DOS at the ground state (0 K and 0 GPa) is similar to that reported earlier [38, 39]. The DOS plots of LiFeAs and NaFeAs show some generic features that are common to the parent compounds of the iron-based superconductors. That is, the total DOS is dominated by the Fe 3d states in the vicinity of the Fermi energy, with only a small contribution from the As and alkali metal states and that is strongly decreasing with energy near the Fermi energy. Because the two compounds show similar features, we take LiFeAs as an example to analyze the pressure effect. From Figure 6(b), it can be seen that the substantial overlap between Fe 3d and As 4p orbitals indicating the strong covalence of LiFeAs mainly comes from the orbital hybridization between Fe 3d and As 4p states from −6 eV to −2 eV. When the external pressure is increased to 16 GPa, it can be seen from Figure 6(c) that the external pressure weakens the interaction of Fe 3d and As 4p, which indicates that higher pressure can enhance the ductility of LiFeAs.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

4. Conclusions

In summary, the structure stability and mechanical properties of LiFeAs and NaFeAs under different pressures have been investigated by using the first-principles calculations. The pressure dependence of the lattice parameters and elastic constants of LiFeAs and NaFeAs are also presented. It is found that their lattice parameters at 0 GPa are in agreement with the available experimental data. On the basis of the elastic constants under different pressures, the phase transitions of LiFeAs and NaFeAs are researched by the elastic stability criteria under isotropic pressure. It is predicted that LiFeAs and NaFeAs with the tetragonal structure are not mechanically stable above 16 GPa and 18 GPa, respectively, which agree well with the previous experimental and theoretical values to a certain extent, especially for NaFeAs. Besides, Pugh’s modulus ratio , Poisson’s ratio ν, the Vickers hardness , and the elastic anisotropy of LiFeAs in the pressure range of 0–16 GPa and NaFeAs in the pressure range of 0–18 GPa are further investigated. It is shown that, in both systems, the ductilities increase with increasing pressure, and NaFeAs has more ductility than LiFeAs under different pressures. Besides, in both systems, decreases and increases with pressure, which have the same change trend as that of the reported tetragonal WN₂.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Lili Liu and Cai Chen carried out the theoretical calculations, Weiwei Xu analyzed the data, and Zhengquan Hu and Yufeng Wen wrote the paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Program for Innovation Team Building at Institutions of Higher Education in Chongqing (CXTDX201601034).

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Copyright © 2018 Zhengquan Hu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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