Influence of Existing Defects on Mechanical Properties of NC Lining

Figure 4

Load-displacement curve of lining defects. (a) Vault crown voids of the lining. (b) Insufficient vault crown thickness of the lining. (c) Combined vault crown defects of the lining. (d) Combined spandrel defects of the lining.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)