FIB-SEM Three-Dimensional Tomography for Characterization of Carbon-Based Materials

Table 1

Short indicative selection of FIB-SEM for carbon-based materials from the literature.

Material	Application	Methodology	Purpose	Year	Reference
Hybrid graphene on Ni foam	Electrode of supercapacitors	Dual Beam Strata 235 (FEI) and Auriga Compact (Zeiss) microscope	To analyze the morphologies and structural features of the composites	2019	[31]
Nanoporous gold-nitrogen-doped carbon nano-onions	Electrode of micro-supercapacitor	FIB-FEG-SEM of Carl Zeiss Auriga Compact-4558	To determine the thickness of the different layers present in the electrode	2019	[32]
Graphite fluoride-lithium	Lithium battery	FIB-SEM, Scios, FEI	To confirm the fine structure of GF-LiF-Li composite	2019	[33]
Carbon nanofiber	Supercapacitor	Auriga Cross Beam, Zeiss; Software: Avizo 9.0.0	To examine fiber subsurface microstructure	2018	[34]
Coal	Fuel	FEI Helios Nanolab 650 FIB-SEM system	To quantitative evaluate the 3D characterization of pore-fracture networks of coals	2017	[35]
Conductive carbon black/carbon fiber coating	2,6-Naph(COOLi)2 electrodes	FIB: 50 nA current and 7 kV acceleration voltage; SEM: operating at 2 kW.	To investigate the nanocarbon coating and the uniformness of pore structures	2016	[36]
Nanoporous carbon-binder	Li-ion batteries	Zeiss Auriga 60 dual beam: 20 pA current, 30 kV acceleration voltage, and 9 nm cutting distance; SEM: 5 kV, pixel size of 3 nm	To reconstruct the carbon-binder domain of a LiCoO2 battery cathode	2015	[37]
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in polymer composites	Nanotechnology	FEI Helios Nanolab 600 FIB-SEM system	To investigate the subsurface imaging of CNTs	2015	[38]
Porous carbon-based electrode	Electrode	FIB: 80 pA current and 30 kV acceleration voltage; SEM: 3 kV voltage; The voxel size was 10 × 10 × 10 nm^3; Software: IMOD, ImageJ, and AVIZO software	To analyze the morphologies and build topographic reconstruction of the porous carbon electrode	2014	[39]
Deposition of porous iron oxide on activated carbon (AC)	Adsorbent	FIB: 10–1 nA current and 30 kV acceleration voltage; SEM: 2–5 kV voltage	To understand the nature of iron oxide particles within the pores of AC	2014	[40]
Hierarchical nanoporous carbon synthesized using a hard template method	Electrode	Dual-beam workstation FEI Helios Nanolab 600; a field emission gun SEM	To observe the open 3D porous structure of the carbon	2013	[41]
Nanoporous carbon-supported noble metal catalyst layers	Fuel cells	FIB: 50 pA current and 30 kV acceleration voltage; SEM: 2 kV voltage	To characterize porosity, connectivity, and pore-size and grain-size distribution	2013	[42]
Disordered mesoporous carbon with tailored pore size	Fuel cells supercapacitors	FIB: 27 pA current and 30 kV acceleration voltage; SEM: 86 pA current and 5 kV voltage; The voxel size was 3.57 × 3.62 × 10 nm^3; Software: Amira® 5.2 software and MAVI	To visualize and study nonordered pore morphology and quantitatively characterize their physical properties	2013	[30]