Finite Element Simulation of NiTiNb Shape Memory Alloy Pipe-Joint Subjected to Coupled Transformation and Plastic Deformation

Table 3

Assembling process and FE model.

Analysis step	Sketch map	Assembling process	FE model
Step I		Expanding inner diameter of the joint from 3.0 mm to 3.48 mm (corresponding to the circumferential strain of about 0.16 at its inner wall) at −60°C.
Step II		Unloading the expanding pressure, and raise the temperature to 23°C
Step III		Insert the pipes into the joint, followed by heating the pipe-joint system to 100°C.
Step IV		Cooling the system down to room temperature (23°C). After assembly, add the following step to calculate the pull-out force.
Step V		Pulling out the pipes from the joint.