[Retracted] Synthesis, Mechanical, and Tribological Performance Analysis of Stir-Casted AA7079: ZrO2 + Si3N4 Hybrid Composites by Taguchi Route

Jegan, G.; Kavipriya, P.; Sathish, T.; Dinesh Kumar, S.; Samraj Lawrence, T.; Vino, T.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7722370

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Volume 2021 | Article ID 7722370 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7722370

[Retracted] Synthesis, Mechanical, and Tribological Performance Analysis of Stir-Casted AA7079: ZrO₂ + Si₃N₄ Hybrid Composites by Taguchi Route

G. Jegan,¹P. Kavipriya,¹T. Sathish,²S. Dinesh Kumar,³T. Samraj Lawrence,⁴and T. Vino¹

Academic Editor: Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai

Received24 May 2021

Accepted08 Jun 2021

Published19 Jun 2021

Abstract

Currently, the aluminum alloys are utilized more in level of all industries for different applications; furthermore, industries need high-strength alloys for making innovative components. For those reasons, many researchers hope to prepare hybrid aluminum metal matrix composites at various composition levels. In this experimental work, we intended to prepare the hybrid metal matrix composites such as aluminum alloy 7079 with reinforcement of ZrO₂ + Si₃N₄ through stir-casting process. Major findings of this work, as to optimize the stir-casting process, can be to continually conduct wear test and evaluate the microhardness of the stir-casted specimens. Optimization of stir-casting process parameters is a preliminary work for this research by Taguchi tool. The chosen parameters are % of reinforcement (0%, 4%, 8%, and 12%), agitation speed (450 rpm, 500 rpm, 550 rpm, and 600 rpm), agitation time (15 min, 20 min. 25 min, and 30 min), and molten temperature (700°C, 750°C, 800°C, and 850°C). The prepared stir-casted materials are tested by wear analysis and microhardness analysis, through Pin-on-Disc wear tester and Vickers hardness tester, respectively. Wear parameters are optimized, the minimum wear rate is evaluated, and also the wear worn-out surfaces are examined through SEM analysis.

1. Introduction

Aluminum alloys provide excellent mechanical properties for all types fabrication process, as well as machinability characteristics; further, its strength can be increased by adding reinforcement particles. Addition of hard ceramic particles offers good strength of the alloy materials and also enhances the mechanical properties.

Wang et al. [1] investigated the tribological and mechanical strength of the magnesium matrix composites; they prepared the AZ91 magnesium ally with accumulation of graphite particles. Graphite is added at 5%, 10% of volume fraction levels to the magnesium alloy, and compared to both levels of volume fraction, the 10% reduces the wear rate. On the contrary, 10% of graphite can decrease the mechanical strength such as yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation. In the base alloy using 5% of graphite, it can be simply refined well in condition and form a uniform mixture.

Fenghong et al. [2] prepared the aluminum hybrid metal matrix composites with the addition of silicon carbide and tungsten carbide using stir-casting process. The authors are evaluating the mechanical strength and wear properties of the composites in a detailed experimental work. In the microstructural study, silicon carbide and tungsten carbide particles are mixed in an unvarying manner into the aluminum alloy material. Higher hardness values are examined in all measurements due to extreme merger of the reinforcement particles to the base materials. Wear resistance of the composites is enormously increased for the massive fusion of the hard particles in the stir-casting process.

Palanikumar et al. [3] carried out the wear analysis of aluminum alloy 6061 with addition of boron carbide and mica material; the composites are synthesized by stir-casting process. They conducted the wear test to examine the wear rate, as well as coefficient of friction of the stir-casted composite specimens. In the friction stir-casting process, the 70 μm of boron carbide particles and 10 μm of mica particles are added. For their investigations, the parameters of dry sliding wear test are chosen as applied load of 10 N, 20 N, and 30 N. Finally, the better wear reduction rate and coefficient of friction were obtained in the AA6061/B₄C/Mica composites in contrast with AA6061/B₄C composites.

Singh and Chauhan [4] investigated the wear performance of the aluminum matrix composites, namely, aluminum alloy together with silicon carbide and red mud prepared by stir-casting method. Statistical approach (Taguchi) is involved for their investigations, and parameters are preferred as percentage of red mud fraction, particle size and applied load, sliding distance, and sliding velocity. In their analysis, the sliding distance has chief parameter of influence in the wear loss examination; similarly, the applied load has extreme role of coefficient friction analysis. For this analysis, enhanced wear resistance was obtained through increasing level of red mud percentage and decrease of load and sliding distance.

Kurapati et al. [5] conducted the wear study of the aluminum alloy 2024 with added different percentage level of fly ash and silicon carbide. Reinforcement percentage of the fly ash and silicon carbide is taken in equivalent weight fraction with different percentage levels (5%, 10%, and 15%). The authors considered L27 orthogonal arrays for their investigation. Wear resistance of the composites is increased by the increase of applied load and sliding distance. Among the three parameters, the applied load was the higher influencing factor on the wear test compared to other factors such as sliding time and percentage of reinforcement.

Stir-casting process was highly involved to enhance the mechanical properties and strengthening of different alloy materials for reinforcement of hared particles [6–8]. Process parameters of the stir-casting method have a powerful role in the composite preparation, and each parameter is involved on its own characters [3, 9–11]. Combined parameters are modifying the result of the composites. Wear analysis has an extremely important role in the alloy materials to find the wear resistance. Generally, the wear test is conducted in either dry or wet conditions. In the wear test, important parts are to be considered such as weight loss, frictional force worn-out surfaces, and coefficient of friction [12–14]. Microhardness test involves measuring the hardness of the materials effectively and precisely. Compared to other hardness tests, the Vickers hardness test is the best suited method to measure the hardness, because the accuracy of testing and damage of the specimen is less [15–18]. In this research, linked to all factors and deep study of literature, the aluminum metal matrix composites are chosen. For this experimental work, we considered the base material as aluminum alloy 7079 with reinforced particles of zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) and silicon nitride (Si₃N₄). Hybrid composites are prepared through stir-casting process, and the process parameters of the stir-casting are optimized by Taguchi route [19]. The main objectives of this work are to find the mechanical and tribological characteristics of the AMMC’s for analysis of compaction characteristics of the powders. Hence, the stir-casted composites are tested by Pin-On-Disc apparatus for estimating of wear rate; further, the Vickers microhardness is used to measure the hardness value of the stir-casted part [20–22].

2. Materials

X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) technique was used to measure the elemental composition of the aluminum alloy material (AA7079).

Aluminum alloy 7079 material was selected for this study due to high corrosion resistance, extreme strength, better ductility, and excellent thermal and electrical properties [23–25]. These alloys are originally in wrought alloy, and it has extreme machinability nature. Highly stressed components used in the machineries, mobile industry apparatus, hydraulic valves manufacturing, and air wings parts are fabricated by AA7079 alloy. Zirconium oxide and silicon nitride particles are chosen as reinforced particles of this study. Exceptional strength of the reinforced particles is added to base material, and it can increase the strength of the base material [26–28]. Table 1 presents the chemical elements presents in the base material such as aluminum alloy AA7079.

3. Experimental Procedure

In the initial stage, the aluminum alloy and reinforced particles are stir-casted by using stir-casting process, and the process is to be controlled by influencing various process parameters. Further, the wear test and microhardness test are to be conducted [29–31]. Table 2 presents the different parameters and their levels of the stir-casting process. The L16 OA was executed; four parameters are used to cast the aluminum metal matrix hybrid composites, namely, % of reinforcement, agitation speed (rpm), agitation time (min), and molten temperature (^oC).

Figure 1 illustrates the stir-casting process equipment and the setup. In this work, liquid state stir-casting is selected for obtaining homogeneous mixture of base materials and reinforced particles. AA7079 plates are sliced into small sizes and put into the 5 kg capacity of the crucible; further, the crucible is placed inside of the stir-casting machine [32–34]. Heating up the crucible using different temperature levels (700°C, 750°C, 800°C, and 850°C) is done up to melting the aluminum alloy. At the same time, the reinforced particles (zirconium oxide and silicon nitride) are preheated in the muffle furnace using of crucible, and both particles are taken with the same weight ratio but different percentage levels [35]. Further, both base material and reinforced particles are mixed well in the stir-casting machine with the aid of stirrer and various agitation speeds (450 rpm, 500 rpm, 550 rpm, and 600 rpm). Different agitation time periods (15 min, 20 min, 25 min, and 30 min) were maintained to obtain the homogeneous mixture of the composites. Finally, the molten material in the crucible was poured in the die for required shapes.

3.1. Wear Test

Constant levels of parameters are used to stir-casting the wear test specimens such as 8% of reinforcement, 600 rpm of agitation speed, 30 min of agitation time, and 850°C of molten temperature [36]. Table 3 presents the wear test parameters and its levels, and the parameters are, namely, % of reinforcement, applied load (N), disc speed (m/s), and sliding distance (m). All the parameters are having different set of value levels.

Wear test was conducted in the Pin-On-Disc apparatus for the model of DUCOM, and the wear of the specimens is tested by dry sliding mode. The dry sliding wear test apparatus was illustrated in Figure 2, and different loads were applied based on the parameter involvement. All sixteen specimens are wear-tested as per the American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM G99) standard procedure, and the dimensions of the specimen were 40 mm in length and 12 mm in diameter.

Each specimen was tested by using different parameters based on the L16 Orthogonal Array arrangement. Figure 3 illustrates the wear test specimen of the 16 numbers.

3.2. Vickers Microhardness Test

Vickers microhardness testing is one of the optical measurement arrangements. The specimens are prepared as per the ASTM E-384 standards. The diamond indenter was used to measure the hardness value of the specimens by applying little amount of load, and the indentation was made on the surface of the specimen. Normally, the load variation in the Vickers hardness test is 10 gm to 1 kgf, and for this test, the 0.5 kgf load was applied. Figure 4 presents the microhardness test specimen of this experimental work.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Wear Test

Table 4 presents the experimental summary of wear test, and the minimum wear rate was obtained as 0.228 mm³/m for the contribution of 12% of reinforcement, 25 N of applied load, 2 m/s of disc speed, and 1000 m of sliding speed.

Table 5 presents the response table for means of wear test, and Table 6 presents the response table for S/N ratios of the wear test. All the input values are changed into mean and S/N ratio values of the wear test through Design of Experiments. From the wear test, the % of reinforcement was the extremely influenced parameter for effects in the wear test followed by sliding distance, applied load, and disc speed. The optimal parameter of the wear test was recorded as 12% of reinforcement, 25 N of applied load, 1.5 m/s of disc speed, and 1000 m of sliding speed.

Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the main effects plot for mean and S/N ratios of the wear test. Without reinforcement, the specimen was highly affected from the wear; hence, the wear rate was more. Further, increasing reinforcement percentage, the wear rate was reduced. At last, the higher percentage of reinforcement (12%) offered minimum wear rate. In applied load condition, initially, the wear rate was high in lower applied load; further, increasing applied load (25 N), the wear rate can be reduced suddenly. Once again, increasing applied load from 25 N to 45 N, the wear rate was increased. In disc speed condition, 1.5 m/s offered minimum level of wear rate; further, increasing disc speed, the wear rate also increased. For the sliding distance condition, the minimum level of sliding speed (1000 rpm) is recorded as lower wear rate, and continually increasing sliding distance, the wear rate was increased.

Figure 7 demonstrates the residual plots for wear rate. In the residual plot, all four graphs explain the parameters influence in single view. In normal probability plot, all sixteen points touch the probability line, with few of them nearer to the line, and it can be reflected in the result of the wear rate, as conducted experimental runs were precise. In the fits plot, the points were scattered uniformly, and within the limits, this can register the selected parameters, and the response values are accurate. From the histogram plot, the all rectangle boxes are extremely close to each other. In the order plot, the points crossed the mean line both positively and negatively simultaneously. From these conditions, the experiment was conducted in an excellent way, and usage of the parameters was effective.

Figure 8 illustrates the experimental runs versus wear rate of the wear test. From the wear test, the experimental and predicted values are analyzed. In sixteen experimental runs, most of the experimental values are within the limit of predicted values; few were nearer and crossed the predicted values.

Figures 9(a)–9(c) illustrates the surface plot of the wear test. Figure 9(a) demonstrates the % of reinforcement versus the applied load. From this plot, the minimum wear was registered as the influence of minimum level of applied load and maximum level of reinforcement. Figure 9(b) presents the applied load versus the disc speed. In this plot, the maximum level of applied load and minimum level of disc speed offered minimum wear rate. Figure 9(c) exemplifies the disc speed versus the sliding distance. From this plot, the moderate level of disc speed and the minimum sliding distance offered minimum wear rate. Figure 9(d) represents the sliding distance versus the % of reinforcement. In this plot, the minimum sliding distance and maximum reinforcement percentage offered lower wear rate.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figures 10(a)–10(p) illustrate the 3D Profilometric images of the wear specimens in sixteen numbers. These images were converted from the SEM images, and the colors simply identified the wear worn-out surfaces. Blue with white color represents the microns level of wear that can take place, the green color illustrates the moderate level of wear that took place, and finally the red color noticed that the high wear occurred on the surface of the specimens. In the color bar range of wear was marked in microns level. Figure 10(g) shows the minimum wear, Figures 10(h)–10(j) and 10(o) show the moderate wear, and Figures 10(a), 10(b), 10(d), and 10(k) show the high wear.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(m)

(n)

(o)

(p)

4.2. Vickers Microhardness Test

Table 7 illustrates the experimental summary of Vickers microhardness test, and the maximum hardness was recorded as 122 VHN. The maximum hardness values were obtained by the influence of the parameters 12% of reinforcement, agitation speed of 450 rpm, agitation time of 30 min, and molten temperature of 750°C.

Table 8 presents the response table for means of Vickers hardness test, and Table 9 presents the response table for S/N ratios of the Vickers hardness test. For these tables, all the input values are converted into mean and S/N ratio values of the Vickers hardness test through Design of Experiments. In the Vickers hardness test, the % of reinforcement was the particularly influenced parameter for effects in the Vickers hardness test continued by agitation speed, agitation time, and molten temperature. Optimal parameter of the Vickers hardness test was found as 12% of reinforcement, 550 rpm of agitation speed, 30 min of agitation time, and 800°C of molten temperature.

Figures 11 and 12 exemplify the main effects plot for mean and S/N ratios of the Vickers hardness test. Increasing reinforcement percentage, the microhardness value was increased. Finally, the higher percentage of reinforcement (12%) provided maximum microhardness. In agitation speed state, initially, the microhardness was high in lower agitation speed; further, increasing agitation speed (500 rpm), the microhardness value was reduced suddenly. Increasing agitation speed from 500 rpm to 550 rpm, the microhardness was increased. In agitation time state, increasing gradually the agitation time, the microhardness value was increased; 30 min of agitation time provided the maximum hardness values. For the molten temperature condition, the minimum level of molten temperature was registered as lower microhardness, and constantly increasing molten temperature, the microhardness increased. Finally, the 800°C offered maximum microhardness values.

Figure 13 displays the residual plots for Vickers hardness. In the residual plot, the microhardness level and the parameters influence are clearly exemplified in single observation. For the normal probability plot, all sixteen points are lying on the probability line few of them nearer to the line, and it can be replicated in the effect of the microhardness such as carrying out experimental runs. In the fits plot, the points were distributed unvaryingly, and within the limits, the chosen parameters can be recorded, and the response values are perfect. From the histogram plot, all rectangle boxes are extremely close and touch each other. in the order plot, all points crossed simultaneously the mean line both positively and negatively. From these conditions, the experiment carried out was done in an exceptional manner, and using the parameters was efficient.

Figure 14 illustrates the experimental runs versus Vickers microhardness. From the Vickers microhardness test, the experimental and predicted values are evaluated. In the sixteen experimental runs, the majority of the experimental values are within the limit of the predicted values; few were nearer and crossed the predicted values.

Figures 15(a)–15(d) present the contour plot of the Vickers microhardness test. Figure 15(a) shows the correlation between % of reinforcement and agitation speed, and the higher reinforcement percentage and moderate agitation speed offered excellent microhardness. Figure 15(b) illustrates the connection between agitation speed and agitation time, and the minimum agitation speed and higher agitation time provided maximum hardness value. Figure 15(c) demonstrates the relationship between agitation time and molten temperature, and the maximum agitation time and moderate molten temperature were recorded as maximum hardness value.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 15(d) reveals the correlation between molten temperature and % of reinforcement, and the moderate molten temperature and higher reinforcement were registered as maximum hardness value.

5. Conclusions

Aluminum alloy 7079 with the addition of zirconium oxide and silicon nitride (AMCs) hybrid composites was prepared through stir-casting process. Further, the wear test was conducted by Pin-On-Disc with Taguchi statistical approach. Finally, the wear worn-out surfaces and Vickers microhardness were examined thoroughly. The output result of this experimental work was concluded and demonstrated as follows:(i)From the wear test, the minimum wear rate was recorded as 0.228 mm³/m, the contribution of reinforcement 12%, applied load 25 N, disc speed 2 m/s and sliding speed 1000 m, which offered minimum wear rate. In the wear test, the % of reinforcement was the exceptionally influenced parameter for effects in the wear test followed by sliding distance, applied load, and disc speed. Optimal parameter of the wear test was registered as 12% of reinforcement, 25 N of applied load, 1.5 m/s of disc speed, and 1000 m of sliding speed.(ii)In the surface plot analysis, the minimum level of applied load and maximum level of reinforcement offered minimum wear rate. Further, the maximum level of applied load and minimum level of disc speed offered minimum wear rate. Correlation between two parameters, the minimum sliding distance and maximum reinforcement percentage, offered lower wear rate.(iii)For the Vickers microhardness test, the maximum hardness was recorded as 122 VHN. The maximum hardness values were obtained by the influence of the parameters, which are 12% of reinforcement, agitation speed of 450 rpm, agitation time of 30 min, and molten temperature of 750°C. In the Vickers hardness test, the % of reinforcement was the predominantly influenced parameter for effects in the Vickers hardness test, followed by agitation speed, agitation time, and molten temperature. Optimal parameter of the Vickers hardness test was recorded as 12% of reinforcement, 550 rpm of agitation speed, 30 min of agitation time, and 800°C of molten temperature.(iv)From the contour plot analysis, the higher reinforcement percentage and moderate agitation speed offered exceptional microhardness. Further, the minimum agitation speed and higher agitation time presented the maximum hardness value. Finally, the maximum agitation time and moderate molten temperature were recorded as maximum hardness value.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article. Should further data or information be required, these are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Disclosure

This study was performed as a part of the Employment of College of Engineering and Technology, Dambi Dollo University, Oromia Region, Ethiopia.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors appreciate the supports from Dambi Dollo University, Ethiopia, and Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai. The authors thank Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai, for the technical assistance in the design of experiment process.

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Copyright © 2021 G. Jegan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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