Effect of Hemp Fibre Surface Treatment on the Fibre-Matrix Interface and the Influence of Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Lignin Contents on Composite Strength Properties

Table 2

Flexural properties of composites with different fibre treatments.

Fibre treatments

Alkalisation

Alkalisation + acetylation

Alkalisation + silanisation

Strength (MPa)

Stages of modulus (GPa)

Strain at break (%)

Strength (MPa)

Stages of modulus (GPa)

Strain at break (%)

Strength (MPa)

Stages of modulus (GPa)

Strain at break (%)

% NaOH

α

α1

α2

α3

α

α1

α2

α3

α

α1

α2

α3

0

190.87 ± 1.92

12.56 ± 1.75

7.72 ± 0.33

5.33 ± 0.27

3.75 ± 0.41

3.56 ± 0.16

254.78 ± 16.35

18.64 ± 2.05

12.59 ± 1.28

8.15 ± 0.55

5.81 ± 0.35

3.19 ± 0.10

182.08 ± 10.15

10.88 ± 0.94

8.28 ± 0.73

5.90 ± 0.47

4.36 ± 0.26

2.84 ± 0.06

4

174.97 ± 17.27

11.83 ± 1.68

7.75 ± 0.65

5.27 ± 0.52

3.89 ± 0.24

3.26 ± 0.17

197.63 ± 3.59

13.80 ± 0.57

9.25 ± 0.66

5.86 ± 0.22

4.04 ± 0.23

2.97 ± 0.01

185.59 ± 2.67

11.26 ± 0.54

7.27 ± 1.24

5.16 ± 0.43

2.92 ± 0.28

3.21 ± 0.18

6

213.10 ± 11.64

14.34 ± 0.91

9.68 ± 0.73

6.79 ± 0.68

5.04 ± 0.25

2.92 ± 0.01

213.37 ± 8.82

15.04 ± 1.52

9.85 ± 0.64

6.58 ± 0.33

4.79 ± 0.60

2.87 ± 0.01

176.62 ± 8.08

13.63 ± 1.28

7.63 ± 0.51

5.51 ± 1.02

3.67 ± 0.37

3.14 ± 0.04

8

221.71 ± 14.28

14.64 ± 0.50

8.40 ± 0.09

4.97 ± 0.37

3.16 ± 0.23

3.35 ± 0.01

209.37 ± 6.48

15.27 ± 0.57

10.25 ± 1.00

6.67 ± 0.32

4.75 ± 0.39

3.14 ± 0.15

132.94 ± 2.87

8.57 ± 0.49

4.79 ± 0.45

3.43 ± 0.11

2.11 ± 0.16

3.99 ± 0.51

10

218.75 ± 6.37

10.83 ± 0.77

6.53 ± 0.24

4.09 ± 0.21

2.76 ± 0.28

4.32 ± 0.01

188.99 ± 19.95

11.47 ± 1.16

7.03 ± 0.58

4.90 ± 0.38

3.72 ± 0.29

3.67 ± 0.12

155.30 ± 6.01

10.78 ± 0.68

5.59 ± 0.33

3.68 ± 0.25

2.43 ± 0.28

4.23 ± 0.08