Soil Creep Effect on Time-Dependent Deformation of Deep Braced Excavation

Table 1

Summary of typical studies using numerical simulation method.

Software	Soil creep model	Parameter calibration method	Reference
FLAC	Classical visco-elastic model	Inverse analysis	[31]
FLAC	Rate-dependent soil creep model	Inverse analysis	[32, 33]
PLAXIS 2D	Soft soil creep model	Based on existing equations	[34]
PLAXIS 2D	Soft soil creep model	Inverse analysis	[35]
PLAXIS 3D	Soft soil creep model	Inverse analysis	[36]
FLAC 3D	Kelvin-Mohr-Coulomb model	Based on experience	[37]
ANSYS	Time-hardening model	Based on triaxial creep testing	[38]
FLAC 3D	Viscoelastic model with five elements	Based on triaxial creep testing	[39]
ABAQUS	Extended Drucker-Prager model	Based on existing equations	[40]