Falling head method (FHM) and constant head method (CHM) are, respectively, used to test the water permeability of permeable concrete, using different water heads on the testing samples. The results indicate the apparent permeability of pervious concrete decreasing with the applied water head. The results also demonstrate the permeability measured from the FHM is lower than that from the CHM. The fundamental difference between the CHM and FHM is examined from the theory of fluid flowing through porous media. The testing results suggest that the water permeability of permeable concrete should be reported with the applied pressure and the associated testing method.

Yinghong Qin

Haifeng Yang

Zhiheng Deng

Jiang He

Water Permeability of Pervious Concrete Is Dependent on the Applied Pressure and Testing Methods

The challenges in developing a fault detection and diagnosis system for industrial applications are not inconsiderable, particularly complex materials processing operations such as aluminium smelting. However, the organizing into groups of the various fault detection and diagnostic systems of the aluminium smelting process can assist in the identification of the key elements of an effective monitoring system. This paper reviews aluminium process fault detection and diagnosis systems and proposes a taxonomy that includes four key elements: knowledge, techniques, usage frequency, and results presentation. Each element is explained together with examples of existing systems. A fault detection and diagnosis system developed based on the proposed taxonomy is demonstrated using aluminium smelting data. A potential new strategy for improving fault diagnosis is discussed based on the ability of the new technology, augmented reality, to augment operators&#x2019; view of an industrial plant, so that it permits a situation-oriented action in real working environments.

Nazatul Aini Abd Majid

Mark P. Taylor

John J. J. Chen

Brent R. Young

Aluminium Process Fault Detection and Diagnosis

In this study the adsorption of atenolol (AT), a <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.571899pt" id="M1" height="13.2498pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.6779 8.00062 13.2498" width="8.00062pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-224" d="M558 587C558 666 497 712 432 712C379 712 330 691 284 650C212 586 178 508 148 348L71 -65C49 -185 35 -229 23 -235L27 -261C49 -259 101 -251 124 -224C131 -216 138 -178 159 -24C171 66 197 200 227 356C264 550 295 668 393 668C443 668 479 632 479 575C479 516 446 458 383 418C361 404 344 398 318 397L296 350C395 338 460 281 460 192C460 110 411 40 300 40C258 40 215 55 192 69L181 51C191 18 222 -16 266 -16C308 -16 351 1 397 26C471 67 545 142 545 221C545 315 486 365 401 395C469 437 558 498 558 587Z"/></g></svg>-blocker, on kaolinite, a clay mineral of low surface charge, was investigated under varying initial AT concentration, equilibrium time, solution pH, ionic strength, and temperature conditions. The results showed that the amounts of AT uptake by kaolinite were close to its cation exchange capacity value and the AT adsorption was almost instantaneous, suggesting a surface adsorption. The adsorption was exothermic and the free energy of adsorption was small negative, indicating physical adsorption. The increase in ionic strength of the solution drastically reduced AT uptake on kaolinite. A significant reduction in AT uptake was found at solution pH below 5 or above 10. The FTIR results showed band shifting and disappearance for NH bending vibration and benzene ring skeletal vibration at 3360 and 1515&#x2009;cm&#x2212;1 and band splitting at 1412 and 1240&#x2009;cm&#x2212;1 attributed to C&#x2013;N valence vibration coupled with NH bending vibrations and alkyl aryl ether linkage, suggesting the participation of NH, &#x2013;O&#x2013;, and benzene ring for AT adsorption on kaolinite.

Yingmo Hu

Nicole M. Fitzgerald

Guocheng Lv

Xuebing Xing

Wei-Teh Jiang

Zhaohui Li

Adsorption of Atenolol on Kaolinite

Binary zinc phosphate glass system with composition of (ZnO)x(P2O5)1&#x2212;x, (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2129903pt" id="M1" height="6.42315pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -6.21016 7.70145 6.42315" width="7.70145pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-121" d="M536 404C536 423 520 448 491 448C445 448 398 404 308 283L286 338C255 416 242 448 217 448C182 448 138 402 92 341L111 321C149 368 169 378 178 378C188 378 198 363 214 320L254 212C185 117 138 65 107 65C98 65 85 69 82 75C79 82 73 86 65 86C44 86 23 60 23 39C23 7 44 -12 71 -12C119 -12 168 33 265 177L306 61C321 17 347 -12 373 -12C413 -12 465 33 507 96L491 119C459 84 432 60 413 60C395 60 378 92 358 148L321 250C341 279 369 310 389 332C417 363 439 382 456 382C466 382 475 376 481 368C486 361 492 358 496 358C513 358 536 381 536 404Z"/></g></svg> = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6&#x2009;mol&#x25;) was successfully prepared using a conventional melt-quenching method. Composition dependence of physical properties and elastic properties in the (ZnO)x(P2O5)1&#x2212;x were discussed in association with the effects of adding zinc oxide (ZnO) as a modifier. The addition of ZnO modifier was expected to produce substantial changes on physical properties of the phosphate glasses. An increase in density values of the phosphate glasses was observed. Elastic moduli were studied by measuring ultrasonic longitudinal and shear velocities (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.427751pt" id="M2" height="12.4257pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 10.8473 12.4257" width="10.8473pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-87" d="M697 650H468L461 623L492 619C539 613 547 605 518 546C481 471 367 264 278 116H276C239 278 197 500 186 567C180 604 185 613 226 619L252 623L260 650H24L17 623C78 617 92 613 108 533L216 -11H247C365 200 515 462 560 529C616 612 624 615 689 623L697 650Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,7.641,3.264)"><path id="g50-109" d="M238 675C244 702 241 710 231 710C220 710 155 682 74 673L70 643H101C147 643 151 635 142 594L39 111C18 11 36 -12 55 -12C89 -12 170 38 223 103L207 129C176 98 130 68 118 68C113 68 108 72 114 102L238 675Z"/></g></svg> and <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.427751pt" id="M3" height="12.4257pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 11.5708 12.4257" width="11.5708pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-87"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,7.641,3.264)"><path id="g50-117" d="M329 433H203L239 587L230 596L147 534L123 433H57L30 395L34 388H115L61 129C37 16 59 -12 85 -12C147 -12 222 58 260 98L241 125C212 95 160 62 144 62C132 62 127 71 138 126L192 386L305 394L329 433Z"/></g></svg>) of the glasses at room. Longitudinal modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, Young&#x2019;s modulus, Poisson&#x2019;s ratio, and Debye temperature <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.3136pt" id="M4" height="12.9915pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.6779 23.7989 12.9915" width="23.7989pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-41" d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,4.688,0)"><path id="g113-230" d="M475 507C475 612 440 712 326 712C139 712 23 420 23 215C23 96 58 -12 180 -12C369 -12 475 293 475 507ZM391 522C391 486 387 448 379 394H126C155 538 222 677 310 677C386 677 391 571 391 522ZM373 346C344 193 283 22 189 22C126 22 106 114 106 196C106 243 111 293 118 346H373Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,11.096,3.264)"><path id="g50-69" d="M786 370C786 572 637 650 431 650H137L130 618C217 606 220 603 204 519L129 127C115 48 107 39 26 30L18 0H270C410 0 516 20 609 75C722 140 786 240 786 370ZM683 373C683 178 547 40 323 40C298 40 264 40 241 45C213 51 207 64 220 127L295 545C304 582 309 595 320 601C335 610 367 613 406 613C570 613 683 538 683 373Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,18.952,0)"><path id="g113-42" d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z"/></g></svg> were derived from both data of velocities and respective density of all of the samples. Findings from present work showed dependence of density and elastic moduli of each ZnO-P2O5 series on glass composition.

Khamirul Amin Matori

Mohd Hafiz Mohd Zaid

Hock Jin Quah

Sidek Hj. Abdul Aziz

Zaidan Abdul Wahab

Mohd Sabri Mohd Ghazali

Studying the Effect of ZnO on Physical and Elastic Properties of (ZnO)x(P2O5)1&#x2212;x Glasses Using Nondestructive Ultrasonic Method

Alloy cladding coatings are widely prepared on the surface of tools and machines. High-entropy alloys are potential replacements of nickel-, iron-, and cobalt-base alloys in machining due to their excellent strength and toughness. In this work, CoCrFeMnNbNi HEA coating was produced on AISI 304 steel by tungsten inert gas cladding. The microstructure and wear behavior of the cladding coating were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, microhardness tester, pin-on-ring wear tester, and 3D confocal laser scanning microscope. The microstructure showed up as a nanoscale lamellar structure matrix which is a face-centered-cubic solid solution and niobium-rich Laves phase. The microhardness of the cladding coating is greater than the structure. The cladding coating has excellent wear resistance under the condition of dry sliding wear, and the microploughing  in the worn cladding coating is shallower and finer than the worn structure, which is related to composition changes caused by forming the nanoscale lamellar structure of Laves phase.

Wen-yi Huo

Hai-fang Shi

Xin Ren

Jing-yuan Zhang

Microstructure and Wear Behavior of CoCrFeMnNbNi High-Entropy Alloy Coating by TIG Cladding

Films of PMMA and PMMA doped with NiCl2 with different contents were prepared using the casting technique. The optical properties of all films were investigated using spectrophotometric measurements of absorbance and transmittance in the wavelength range 200&#x2013;800&#x2009;nm. The change of the calculated values of the optical energy gaps with increasing NiCl2 content has been interpreted in terms of the structural modifications of the PMMA matrix. The optical energy gap decreased from 3.6 to 3.05&#x2009;eV with increasing the NiCl2 concentration to 0.4&#x25;. The effect of doping on the optical constants of films such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant, optical conductivity, and skin depth has been reported. All these constants were increased with increasing NiCl2 concentration with the exception of skin depth which is different result.

Wasan A. Al-Taa&#x2019;y

Saad F. Oboudi

Emad Yousif

Mohammed Abdul Nabi

Rahimi M. Yusop

Darfizzi Derawi

Fabrication and Characterization of Nickel Chloride Doped PMMA Films

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Advances in Materials Science and Engineering publishes research in all areas of materials science and engineering, including the synthesis and properties of materials, and their applications in engineering applications.

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Chief Editor, Amit Bandyopadhyay, is based at Washington State University and is interested in &nbsp;the fields of additive manufacturing or 3D printing of advanced materials. His current research is focused on metal additive manufacturing, biomedical devices and multi‑materials structures.

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Advances in Materials Science and Engineering publishes research in all areas of materials science and engineering, including the synthesis and properties of materials, and their applications in engineering applications.

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Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Advances in Materials Science and Engineering