Improving Cognitive Function from Children to Old Age: A Systematic Review of Recent Smart Ageing Intervention Studies

Table 4

Summary of improvements of cognitive function after intervention programs.

Study	Measures of cognitive functions	Significant effect of target intervention group
Uchida and Kawashima [66]	MMSE	0
	FAB	0
	Cd	0
Nouchi et al. [45]	MMSE	0
	FAB	+
	Trail making test	+
	D-CAT	0
	DS-F	0
	DS-B	0
	Cd	+
	SS	+
Nouchi et al. [47]	RAPMT	0
	WCST	+
	rST	+
	ST	+
	OpS	+
	LNS	+
	Ari	+
	DS-F	0
	DS-B	0
	SpS-F	0
	SpS-B	0
	D-CAT	0
	SRT	−
	Cd	+
	SS	+
	JART	0
	MR	−
Nouchi et al. [65]	LFT	+
	CFT	+
	rST	+
	ST	+
	LM	+
	FSN	0
	DS-F	0
	DS-B	0
	D-CAT	0
	Cd	+
	SS	+
	JART	0
Tachibana et al. [79]	DAM	+
	Understanding relationships between things	0
	Counting and comparing the numbers	0
	Calculation	0
	Completion of the pictures	0
	Working memory	+
	Processing speed	+
	Total score	0
Takeuchi et al. [38]	RAPM	0
	Cattell culture fair test	0
	DS	0
	SpS	0
	Tanaka B-type intelligence test	+
	ST	0
	rST	0
	Simple arithmetic	0
	Complex arithmetic	+
	S-A creativity test	0
	Word-color task	+
	Color-word task	+
Takeuchi et al. [62]	RAPM	0
	Arithmetic	0
	Cd	0
	rST	+
	ST	0
	S-A creativity test	−
	Simple arithmetic	0
	Complex arithmetic	+
	Letter mental rotation	0
	Trail making test B-A	0
	Letter span	+
Takeuchi et al. [63]	RAPM	+
	BOMAT	0
	DS	+
	SpS	+
	Tanaka B-type intelligence test	+
	Reverse Stroop interference	0
	ST interference	+
	Simple arithmetic	0
	Complex arithmetic	0
	Kyodai SX test	0
	S-A creativity test	0
Takeuchi et al. [64]	RAPM	0
	BOMAT	0
	DS	0
	SpS	0
	Tanaka B-type intelligence test	0
	Word-color Task	+
	Color-word task	0
	rST	0
	ST	+
	Simple arithmetic	0
	Complex arithmetic	0
	Kyodai SX test	0
	S-A creativity test	+

MMSE: minimental state examination; RAPMT: Raven’s advanced progressive matrices test; BOMAT: Bochumer Matrizen test; DAM (Goodenough draw-a-man intelligence test); FAB: frontal assessment battery; WCST: Wisconsin card sorting test; ST: Stroop test; rST: reverse Stroop test; VFT: verbal fluency task; LM: logical memory; FSN: first and second names; DS: digit span; OpS: operation span; LNS: letter-number sequence; Ari: arithmetic; SpS: spatial span; D-CAT: digit cancellation task; SRT: simple reaction task; Cd: symbol coding; SS: symbol search; JART: Japanese reading test; MR: mental rotation.
0: no significant difference was found between the target intervention and control (intervention) groups; +: the target intervention group improved cognitive functions compared to the control (intervention) group; −: the control (intervention) group improved cognitive functions compared to the target intervention group.
Takeuchi et al. [38], who used processing speed training, published their findings in Journal of Neuroscience. Takeuchi et al. [62], who used working memory training with mental calculation, published their findings in PLoS One.