Effects of Dietary Lysophosphatidylcholine on Growth Performance and Lipid Metabolism of Juvenile Turbot

Table 1

Formulation and proximate composition of the experimental diets (% dry matter).

Ingredient	LPC-0	LPC-0.1	LPC-0.25	LPC-0.5
Fish meal	40	40	40	40
Soy protein concentrate	10	10	10	10
Soybean meal	8	8	8	8
Wheat meal	21.68	21.68	21.68	21.68
Brewer’s yeast	5	5	5	5
Mineral premix^a	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Vitamin premix^a	1	1	1	1
Monocalcium phosphate	1	1	1	1
L-Ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Choline chloride	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Betaine	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ethoxyquin	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02
Calcium propionic acid	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05
Fumaric acid	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05
Fish oil	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.5
Soybean oil	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.5
Soya lecithin	1	0.9	0.75	0.5
Lysophosphatidylcholine	0	0.1	0.25	0.5
Proximate composition
Moisture	6.40	6.67	6.68	6.80
Crude protein	44.13	44.01	44.02	43.72
Crude lipid	14.86	15.86	15.31	16.34
Ash	8.05	8.01	8.00	8.08

^aVitamin premix and mineral premix, designed for marine fish, were purchased from Qingdao Master Biotech Co., Ltd, Qingdao, China.