Quantification of Patient and Equipment Handling for Nurses through Direct Observation and Subjective Perceptions

Table 2

Frequency (number of times per shift) of the patient handling tasks performed by the nurses in the three ICU units and overall as quantified by direct observation and survey (perceived) (average and standard deviation).

Unit	Bed to wheelchair	Bed to chair	Patient out of bed	Body reposition	Bed to assistive device	In and out of bathtub	On and off toilet
Direct observation
Medical (MICU)	0.2 (0.6)	1.5 (2.0)	2.0 (3.2)	35.1 (23.5)	0.1 (0.3)	—	—
Neurosurgical (NSICU)	0.3 (0.6)	0.3 (0.6)	1.3 (0.2)	30.7 (17.2)	0.7 (1.2)	—	—
Surgical (SICU)	0.3 (0.8)	4.4 (4.5)	2.9 (2.0)	38.3 (18.4)	1.1 (1.1)	—	0.6 (1.5)
Total	0.3 (0.6)	2.4 (3.3)	2.2 (2.7)	35.6 (20.2)	0.6 (0.9)	—	0.2 (0.9)
Perceived
Medical (MICU)	0.3 (0.5)	1.2 (1.8)	1.6 (1.8)	6.8 (3.9)	0.3 (0.7)	—	—
Neurosurgical (NSICU)	1.0 (1.0)	2.3 (2.1)	2.0 (1.7)	8.3 (3.5)	4.3 (5.1)	—	3.3 (2.9)
Surgical (SICU)	0.1 (0.4)	1.4 (1.5)	1.6 (1.3)	6.1 (3.7)	0.7 (1.0)	—	0.1 (0.4)
Total ()	0.4 (0.6)	1.5 (1.7)	1.7 (1.5)	6.8 (3.6)	1.1 (2.3)	—	1.0 (1.8)