Reliability and Validity Measurement of Sagittal Lumbosacral Quiet Standing Posture with a Smartphone Application in a Mixed Population of 183 College Students and Personnel

Table 2

Comparison of results of this with one previously performed similar study using the smartphone application “iHandy Level” in healthy populations.

(a) Angle data in degrees [mean (SD)]. Lumbar curves and sacral slopes differed significantly between male and female participants

	Salamh and Kolber [20]	Current study
Gender	Mixed ()	Male )	Female ()	Total ()	Male-female mean difference
Lumbar curve°	32-33	28.37 (7.19)	34.21	31.56 (10.01)	5.84
Sacral slope°	—	17.80 (6.82)	22.99	20.64 (8.59)	5.18

, significantly different to male values.

(b) Intrarater reliability statistics

	Salamh and Kolber [20]			Current study
Gender	Mixed ()			Male ()			Female ()			Total ()
	(95% CI)	SEM°		(95% CI)	SEM°		(95% CI)	SEM°		(95% CI)	SEM°
Lumbar curve	0.81 (0.61–0.91)	3	7	0.93 (0.89–0.95)	2.02	5.59	0.96 (0.95–0.97)	2.23	6.17	0.96 (0.94–0.97)	2.13	5.9
Sacral slope	—	—	—	0.95 (0.93–0.96)	1.57	4.35	0.97 (0.96–0.98)	1.63	4.51	0.97 (0.96–0.97)	1.61	4.46

ICC: Intraclass Correlation Coefficient; SEM: Standard Error of the Measurement; MDC: Minimum Detectable Change.