| | Study name, year | Study type | Comparison group | Number of participants | Mean age (years) | Sex F/M | Follow-up time (months) | Surgical technique | Country of study | Outcome |
| | Sabah et al. 2018 [12] | Retrospective cohort study | CoCr | 30 | 15 ± 2 | 27/3 | 45 ± 24 | PSF (PS + ST2R) | France | CR, TK, LL, and PJK | | Ti | 33 | 15 ± 2 | 27/6 | 41 ± 9 | | Angelliaume et al. 2016 [16] | Retrospective cohort study | Ti | 35 | 16.6 ± 4 | 28/7 | 53 ± 5 | PSF (HC + PTT) | France | CR, TK and LL | | CoCr | 35 | 15.7 ± 2 | 31/4 | 49 ± 6 | | Han et al. 2017 [17] | Retrospective case-control study | CoCr | 20 | 67.7 (55–74) | 19/1 | 13.7 (12–23) | PSF (PS + Rods) | South Korea | PJK and RF | | Ti | 34 | 64.8 (50–77) | 33/1 | 56.4 (14–168 | | Han et al. 2017b [18] | Retrospective cohort study | CoCr | 50 | 69 (22–89) | 36/14 | 25 (25–51) | PSF (PS + Rods) | South Korea | RF and PJK | | Ti | 50 | 67 (30–79) | 31/19 | 28.5 (24–110) | | Shinohara et al. 2016 [19] | Retrospective cohort study | Ti | 4 | 6.7 (5–9) | 12/1 | 68.5 (59–72) | PSF (DGRT) | Japan | CR, RF | | CoCr | 9 | 13.8 | 26.1 (20–39) | | Sia et al. 2019 [20] | Prospective case series | Ti | 10 | 16 | NR | NR | PSF (PS + Rods) | Malaysia | CR and TK | | CoCr | 11 | 17 | | Nguyen et al. 2011 [21] | Biomechanical study | Ti | 6 | NA | NA | NA | LBVM | USA | FL | | CoCr | 9 | | Demura et al. 2014 [22] | Biomechanical study | CoCr | 1 | NA | NA | NA | TPBT | Japan | BS and FL | | Ti | 3 | | Igarashi et al. 2011 [23] | Biomechanical study | CoCr | 5 | NA | NA | NA | TPBT | USA | BS and FL | | Ti | 5 | | Burger et al. 2018 [24] | Biomechanical study | CoCr | 3 | NA | NA | NA | PSOM | USA | RF | | Ti | 3 | | Smith et al. 2012 [25] | Retrospective review | CoCr | 110 | NR | NR | NR | PSO | USA | RF | | Ti | 210 |
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CoCr = cobalt chromium, Ti = titanium, PSF = posterior spinal fusion, PS = pedicle screw, ST2R = simultaneous translation on two rods maneuver, HC = hybrid constructs, PTT = posteromedial translation technique, CR = correction rate, TK = thoracic kyphosis, LL = lumbar lordosis, PJK = proximal junctional kyphosis, DGRT = dual growing rod technique, RF = rod fracture, FL = fatigue life, LVM = lumbar vertebrectomy models, BS = bending stiffness, TPBT = three-point bending test, PSO = pedicle subtraction osteotomy, PSOM = pedicle subtraction osteotomy models, NA = not applicable, NR = not recorded.
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