The Biological Effects of Combining Metals in a Posterior Spinal Implant: In Vivo Model Development Report of the First Two Cases

Table 3

Histological results of tissue overlying metal junctions comparing single metal and mixed metal combinations (values are average ± standard deviation).

	SS	Ti	Mixed	𝑃 value
	(𝑛=8)	(𝑛=6)	(𝑛=22)
Foreign body reaction	11.1±7.6	6.3±3.8	14.1±12.7	0.347
(number of cells in 6 100x fields)
Metal particles	2.1±1.7	5.2±6.7	13.4±27.8	0.381
(number of particles in 6 fields)
Inflammation (average score)	1.8±0.4	1.7±0.8	1.6±0.6	0.711
(0 = not present, 2 = extensively present)