Abstract
Fifty percent of joint dislocations reported to the emergency department are of shoulder joint. Various techniques are used to reduce the shoulder and Spaso technique is the least known to the orthopaedic residents which is a simple one-man vertical traction method of shoulder reduction. We evaluated the effectiveness of vertical traction method for anterior shoulder dislocation by orthopaedic residents. Sixty consecutive patients of anterior glenohumeral dislocation attending the emergency department of our hospital were taken up for the study. The reduction was done using Spaso technique. Right shoulder was dislocated in 40 patients and 31 patients had recurrent shoulder dislocation. In 55 patients, shoulder was reduced without the use of any anaesthesia. In patients where no anaesthesia was used, the time of traction ranged from 45 seconds to 5 minutes, while under anaesthesia the time of traction ranged from 1 to 4 minutes. Twenty-one patients had associated greater tuberosity fracture which did not affect the method of reduction and all of them were reducible. No complication was reported, and all the patients were satisfied with the method. In conclusion vertical traction method is a good technique for reducing anterior shoulder dislocation with an easy learning curve among the residents and no complication has been reported so far.
1. Introduction
Of all the joint dislocations encountered in the accident and emergency departments, shoulder joint takes half of the share [1]. Krøner et al. (1989) reported the annual incidence of 17 per 100000 [2]. More and more people now indulge in recreational and sports activity which may be the cause for increased incidence of glenohumeral dislocation. Majority of shoulders are dislocated anteriorly (90–98%) with trauma being the main cause [3, 4]. Whatever the cause is, the joint needs to be reduced ideally. The method has to be quick, effective, and least painful to the patient without causing any iatrogenic injury. Many reduction techniques for shoulder joint have been documented with each having its advantages and disadvantage [5–7]. The relatively new technique of anterior shoulder joint reduction is the Spaso technique which is the one-man vertical traction method of reduction [8]. We conducted a prospective study to report our experience of using this technique to reduce shoulder. This is first study being conducted in India or even Asia to the best of our knowledge. It is also first of its kind given that only orthopaedic residents are involved in the study.
2. Aims and Objectives
Aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of vertical traction method for anterior shoulder dislocation by orthopaedic residents.
3. Material and Methods
Sixty consecutive patients of anterior glenohumeral dislocation attending the Emergency Department of Bone and Joint Hospital were taken up for the study after the clinical and radiological diagnosis was made. The reduction was attempted by one of the authors. Demographic data including age, site, associated fracture of greater tuberosity, history of previous dislocation, any joint laxity, and number of manipulation attempts were noted on the patients case sheet. Mode of trauma and time since dislocation were noted. All patients gave consent for the procedure and the study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards and was approved by ethical committee.
The technique used was similar to that used by Spaso himself.
3.1. Technique
Patients were asked to lie down supine on the bed. Procedure was explained to the patients so that apprehension was over. Since the original article has not mentioned about the anaesthesia used, we followed up all cases without anaesthesia and reserved anaesthesia for patients where it was necessary. As advised by Spaso the affected limb was held at wrist and slowly elevated (forward flexion) and vertical traction was applied. While maintaining vertical traction, the shoulder was slightly externally rotated. A clunk was heard or felt when reduction was done (Figures 1, 2, and 3).
(a)
(b)
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The patient tends to lift up the shoulder off the bed or stop the surgeon with opposite hand in case of discomfort. We stopped the further movement of the limb while maintaining the traction. Most of the times pain subsided allowing further traction. If reduction did not come, the head was palpated with the other hand and gently pushed. If still reduction was unsuccessful, anaesthesia was given and above procedure is repeated under anaesthesia.
After reduction, shoulder immobiliser was applied and patients were followed up in outpatient department.
3.2. Review of Other Reduction Methods
3.2.1. Hippocrates Method
With the patient lying supine, the physician’s foot is placed in the patient’s axilla against the chest wall while leaning backward. The affected arm is abducted and gentle traction is applied steadily for about a minute. The foot acts as a counterforce and as a lever to push the humeral head laterally while the physician pulls the head toward the patient’s foot along the surface of the glenoid.
3.2.2. Milch Technique
The patient lies supine or head elevated 30°. The physician stands on the affected side and places the ipsilateral hand upon the patients shoulder so that the fingers support the top of the shoulder, while the thumb is applied to the under surface of the dislocated humeral head to hold it in place. The elbow of the affected arm is put into 90° flexion. The physician gently abducts the arm into the overhead position with opposite hand and externally rotates it. The humeral head in the axilla is then pushed over the glenoid rim with direct pressure of the thumb.
Axial traction may be applied with countertraction via the hand or a foot upon the top of the shoulder (this was not in Milch’s original description).
3.2.3. Kocher
It uses external rotation to roll the humeral head over the anterior glenoid rim. In this method the arm is flexed at elbow and pressed against the body. It is then rotated outwards till resistance is felt. The upper arm is then lifted in sagittal plane and turned inwards. Kocher did not use traction in his original description.
3.2.4. External Rotation Method
In this method the patient can be supine, sitting, or 45° recumbent. The affected arm is adducted against the torso. The elbow is flexed to 90°. The upper arm is externally rotated slowly and gently, using the forearm as a lever by grasping the wrist with one hand and the elbow with the other hand.
3.2.5. Scapular Manipulation Methods
In this method the patient is kept prone. The shoulder is kept in 90° of forward flexion and external rotation. The forearm is suspended from the stretcher with the wrist secured and the elbow flexed. Forward traction is maintained with about 5–7 Kg of hanging weight to the wrist or with manual traction for 5–10 minutes. With the patient relaxed, the physician pushes medially on the tip of the scapula with both thumbs and lifts it occasionally while externally rotating the superior and medial aspects of the scapula.
4. Results
Among the cohort of 60, we had 38 males and 22 females. Right shoulder was dislocated in 40. And 31 patients had recurrent shoulder dislocation. Age group was between 20 and 75. Time of reporting to hospital ranged from 30 min to 2 weeks.
In 55 patients, shoulder was reduced without the use of any anaesthesia. Among the cases, ten were referred from the peripheral health centres and few attempts to reduce the shoulder were already made. Five patients were first tried without anaesthesia but the shoulder could not be reduced. Under anaesthesia all the shoulders were reduced by the same technique.
In patients where no anaesthesia was used, the time of traction ranged from 45 seconds to 5 minutes while under anaesthesia the time of traction ranged from 1 minute to 4 minutes. Twenty-one patients had associated greater tuberosity fracture and only two needed fixation.
Thirty-one patients had recurrent dislocation. Twenty-eight shoulders were previously reduced by other methods and all of them regarded this technique as better than the previous one. The demography of the patients is given in Table 1.
Table 2 summarizes the various techniques given by various authors and the percentage in which the premedication was used. Studies with more than 50 cases have been included. Also the authors in all the studies are male authors as in our case; we presume the female doctors who work in emergency centres can learn the technique as this has an easy learning curve.
5. Discussion
The method of reducing the shoulder joint is as old as the history of medical science. Different methods are given in the literature and most of the orthopaedicians have the opinion that one should use a method of reduction with which he is well versed. The review done by Ashton and Hassan [20] suggested that the individual preference for the method of reduction is not supported by evidence. In 2006 Kuhn presented the study showing that little data exists to predict best method of reduction or the type of anaesthesia [21].
Various methods used for shoulder reduction are still being practiced and various operators give good results. Traditional traction countertraction, Kocher’s, Stimson’s, scapular manipulation and Milch maneuver [10, 16, 22–24]. The number of methods available itself signifies that none of them is an ideal method and different methods need to be compared under a randomised control to know the effectiveness.
The complications associated with traction countertraction methods include axillary nerve injury, fractures of humeral head or shaft, and even capsular damage.
Also the countertraction causes muscle spasm which makes reduction more difficult or even impossible and may be the cause for need of general anaesthesia. In vertical traction method, all the forces are acting in the same direction and there is no force of opposition. The Spaso technique relies on sound biomechanical principles in that in the overhead position, all of the shoulder muscles course directly upwards inserting into the humerus thereby assisting reduction to the anatomical position [8, 11]. This contrasts with the methods performed with the arm at the side, where each of the shoulder muscles is running in a different direction usually requiring the use of more force or more sedation and hence the risk of fracture is increased.
Spaso method is the least known method among the techniques. The reason may be that the original study was published in the nonindexed journal and most of the orthopaedicians had no access to that. However Yuen et al. [25] have promoted the technique and published paper using the same technique. They further emphasised that further studies need to be conducted for knowing the effectiveness of technique. We took the initiative because this technique needed only single operator and no such study has been conducted at an orthopaedic centre which is overburdened by the road traffic accidents, infective cases, and multiple trauma patients.
We see almost 100 to 120 shoulder dislocation patients per year besides other orthopaedic trauma. Being a tertiary care institute and catering for a population of five millions, it is always a busy trauma centre. Also the analgesics like pethidine and morphine are not available for the masses in the developing countries like ours. This study was different from that conducted by Yuen et al. as no pethidine, valium, or morphine was used.
We were able to reduce all our patients with this technique although five patients needed anaesthesia. Presence of greater tuberosity fracture did not affect the method of reduction and all of them were reducible. Two patients were operated on for fixation of greater tuberosity. Of the five patients who needed anaesthesia, all had dislocations for the first time and two had greater tuberosity fracture.
No complication was reported in any of the patients and all patients were satisfied with the method. Few patients complained of pain after procedure which subsided after few hours. No patient had severe pain during or after the procedure.
6. Conclusion
Vertical traction method is a good technique for reducing anterior shoulder dislocation with an easy learning curve among the residents and no complication has been reported so far.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ Contributions
All authors contributed equally to this work.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank M. C. Yuen for providing them with the necessary material and help whenever required.