Abstract
A detailed procedure is presented to compute analytically the acoustooptic coupling coefficient between copropagating core and lowest-order cladding modes in tapered fiber optics. Based on the effect of the local bending, the linear and nonlinear variations in the refractive index are modeled. A set of equations and parameters are presented in order to calculate the influence of acoustooptic effect in nonlinear pulse propagation. We will show that as the tapered fiber diameter decreases more energy can be transferred to the cladding and the nonlinear phenomena can compensate the coupling coefficients effects.
1. Introduction
The use of light to solve specific problems has led to the development of new knowledge in materials and optical systems which have found applications in technologies such as photonics [1]. The development of fiber optics (FO) has increased the capacity of processing light by offering systems with ultra high speed such as telecommunication networks and fiber laser [2, 3]. Furthermore, FO can be used as a multiplexers, modulators, and tunable filters based on acoustooptic (AO) coupling effect.
Although the AO coupling mechanism is well known, the study and design of AO devices remain as a topic that deserves attention, especially if one wants to achieve high frequency processing and reproducibility. Studies of AO effect in fibers have been carried out both theoretically and experimentally, where acoustic waves are considered long period fiber grating (LPFG) which are capable of coupling coherent copropagating modes traveling in neighboring wave guide that interact through the evanescent optical field [4]. The phase matching condition between the modes needs the overlapping among the interacting modes, allowing energy transfer between them. LPFGs offer the possibility of nonlinear coupling interaction between copropagating guided modes [5]. LPFGs have been manufactured with UV lasers to study the propagation of nonlinear pulse in coupled modes [6].
Herein, using a local bending model, variations in the refractive index due to the presence of the acoustic wave are calculated. A detailed theory and methodology are presented in order to calculate analytically the nonlinear coupling pulse propagation between copropagating core and linearly polarized (LP) cladding modes in tapered fibers. This paper is structured in the following way: Section 2 presents the fundamental theory of local bending model for linear acoustooptic coupling. Section 3 describes the expressions to calculate field profiles and propagation constants of cladding modes. In Section 4, based on local bending, novel equations for the nonlinear coupling between copropagating core-cladding modes are presented. Section 5 presents the results of numerical simulations. Finally, the conclusions are presented in last section.
2. Local Bending Model for AO Coupling
In this section, the AO coupling interactions between the fundamental core mode and copropagating cladding modes are analyzed. We see that acoustooptic coupling equations described changes in the amplitude of the mode propagated through an optical fiber, either in core region or in cladding region.
The transference of energy between fiber modes can be achieved by the presence of acoustic waves [7]; we assume that a single mode fiber is modulated in the plane and the modulation locally bends it with radius of . The effect of the local bending, as a consequence of acoustic wave, can be modeled as a variation in the refractive index [8] of the fiber which is given by the expressionwhere is the core refractive index for the fundamental fiber mode without bending, is the local coordinate on the straight fiber, and is the silica elastooptic coefficient whose value is . Assuming that the amplitude of oscillation is much smaller than the acoustic wavelength, one can approximate the local curvature aswhere is acoustic amplitude, is the acoustic wave number, and is acoustic wave period. The coupled-mode equations that describe linear coupling interactions in a long-period grating arewhere is the core mode amplitude, the cladding -mode amplitude, and the detuning parameter. In (4) the longitudinal part of the coupling coefficient is neglected since it is substantially much more smaller than the transverse part [9]. The maximum transference of energy is given at the phase condition , where is the resonant wavelength. Then, we can write
The simplified expression of the coupling coefficient between the fundamental core mode and any cladding mode is given by and described in [8] for local bending model; an extensive expression can be seen in [10, Eq. ]. In this paper, we consider the interaction between the fundamental core mode () and the first three lowest cladding modes (, ) since is only nonzero for modes that differ by an odd integer in angular momentum [8]. Using the local bending model, is written aswhere subscripts and reference the core and cladding mode, respectively; is the transverse mode profile, normalized according to . The normalized power carried by the and modes can be written as a function of the propagation distance aswhere , , and . The initial power is pumped through the fundamental core region , and the initial power is pumped through the cladding region .
3. LP Cladding Modes
This section is devoted to describe the expressions to calculate field profiles and propagation constants of cladding modes using exact analytical equations for a step index fiber optics.
The cladding is considered a multimode wave guide; for this to exist, it is necessary to remove the polymer coating to satisfy the condition of total internal reflection at the external boundary [11]; therefore these modes are very sensitive to change because of the surrounding medium. Cladding modes can be excited by using LPFGs which can couple light from core to cladding modes [11]. This happens due to the fact that the condition of total internal reflection is violated when the optical fiber is bending.
We are interested mainly in the interaction between the fundamental core mode () and the lowest () cladding modes in a tapered fiber optics. In the case of the mode guided by the fiber core, field profile and propagation constant are calculated using the expressions given in [12]. For cladding modes, we used the dispersion expression given in [10, 13] for the three-layer fiber model in order to compute the constant propagations. The cladding mode dispersion equation is given by the equationswhere
The variables and functions given in (10) are the following:where and are the core and cladding radius, respectively. is the azimuthal number. denoted the Bessel functions of the first kind, are the Bessel functions of the second kind, and are the modified Bessel functions of the second kind; also, , , and indicate differentiation of Bessel functions with respect to the total argument . Based on the three-layer model, the electric field components for cladding modes are [10, 14]
The conventional mode is equivalent to linearly polarized mode [12], which is our mode of interest. The cladding modes occur in a strict alternating sequence of and , except from the fundamental mode [13]. In our case, we set and in conventional modes which are the first three lowest cladding modes which are the ones we are interested in. Then, Figure 1 shows the -profile for these modes in a standard tapered single mode fiber optics.
(a) Mode
(b) Mode
(c) Mode
4. Nonlinear Pulse Propagation in Coupled Copropagating Modes
Nonlinear pulse propagation in a linear periodic medium has been studied using coupled-mode theory for the copropagating core and cladding modes in a LPFG [6, 15], where it is necessary to include both the nonlinear effect and the periodic variation of the refractive index by using the equationwhere is the nonperturbed linear refractive index, is the silica nonlinear refractive index, and stands for periodic index variations as a consequence of the grating. If we rewrite the linear part of the refractive index , where accounts for the refractive index variation associated with the long period grating, one can show that
Taking (14), using Maxwell’s equations, and writing the electric field as a sum of the fundamental core and a LP cladding mode in a fiber optic, one can obtain the nonlinear amplitudes evolution [6, 16]:here, is the amplitude of fundamental core mode and the amplitude of a LP cladding mode (, , or ). The equation is -order of the Taylor expansion series of (), where is the pump frequency; and . is the coupling coefficient given in (6) and is the detuning, which is the same equation given in (5). The acoustic wave number and acoustic wave period was described in Section 2. s are the overlapped field coefficients associated with the nonlinear phenomena, given by is the normalized transverse electric field for the mode and is effective fundamental core mode area defined as [16]
The coefficients and are related to self-phase modulation (SPM) for and , respectively. accounts for cross-phase modulation (XPM) [16].
5. Numerical Simulations
The interactions considered in this paper occur between the fundamental core mode and the first three lowest cladding modes , with . A tapered standard single mode fiber is used for the calculations. Two tapered core diameters are taken into account; they are and . Fiber reference SMF ITU-T. G.652.B was used. The cladding diameter is reduced in the same proportion as the core diameters. Additionally, we set , where stand for the core refractive index and for the cladding. Sellmeier equation for silica is included.
5.1. Linear Simulations
To compute (Eq. (6)) it is necessary to know that can be established by the dispersion relationship [8, 17]:where is the acoustic wave frequency, is the speed of the acoustic wave in silica, and is the cladding diameter. It is assumed that axial strain is not applied on the fiber. Figure 2 shows as a function of wavelength at described in (5) and coupling between the fundamental core mode and the s modes for two tapered fiber diameters. Figure 2 allows us to identify which frequency needs the fiber to oscillate to get a perfect coupling among the modes for a specific wavelength (). We see that no high AO frequency is required to transfer efficiently energy from the core to cladding modes when shifts to infrared. Additionally, the smaller the tapered fiber diameter is, the more the required AO frequency decreases, which is a good feature because it could be difficult to find AO drivers at high frequencies.
(a)
(b)
Fixing AO frequency at , we compute the detuning (5). The results can be seen in Figure 3. As the tapered diameter decreases the detuning is blue-shifted. -zero crossing moves toward blue side around per . At fixed wavelength, increases for higher cladding order modes. From Figures 2 and 3, one can conclude that, by changing the tapered fiber diameter, AO frequency and detuning can be easily controlled, which makes this type of fiber a good candidate to design AO fiber filter in a large range of wavelengths.
(a)
(b)
Using (5) and (6), the resulting normalized transmitted power equation (7) in the core mode at the end of the fiber is shown in Figure 4 [18–20], where in dB units is plotted. It is set: fiber length of , AO wave amplitude of , and . According to (18), for and for . The coupling between and exhibits the biggest deep which means that the incident light in the core is partially transferred to the cladding mode at for . Similar behavior happens for at .
5.2. Nonlinear Simulations
For nonlinear pulse simulations, (15) are numerically solved by using the split-step Fourier method [16]. Fiber length of and initial pulse width of are considered. We analyze two scenarios: (i) : pump wavelength , initial peak power , and (ii) : pump wavelength , initial peak power . We choose the above pump wavelengths because we want to generate solitons at both diameters which allow us to get more insight into nonlinear effects.
The linear coupling parameter is shown in graph in Figure 5 for the two diameters under consideration. almost scales linearly with wavelength, except for - at which presents some oscillation. The coupling between and exhibits the weakest strength at both cores diameters since the mode profiles do not overlap too much.
The plots in Figures 6, 7, and 8 present the overlap nonlinear field coefficients as a function of wavelength between the fundamental core mode and the ’s cladding modes. In Figure 6, we can see that this parameter that governs the SPM phenomenon in the core region is superior for tapered fiber with greater cross-sectional area for most of the analyzed range of wavelength. This could be due to the fact that more energy goes to the cladding as the core diameter is reduced. From Figure 7, almost linearly decreases as wavelength increases and has the same value for any ’s cladding mode in the same diameter. has small value since most of the light keeps in the single mode core, which makes SPM not efficiently excited at low power.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
The behavior of the overlap coefficients is shown in Figure 8; they also decrease for higher wavelengths. The coefficient - is the strongest one, which means that more energy can be nonlinearly transferred from the core to the cladding weather; is efficiently coupled to through the acoustic wave.
To complete the needed parameters to simulate (15), the dispersion coefficients β’s are calculated. These can be seen in Table 1.
Using (15), Figures 9 and 10 display the spectral response of all modes under consideration for both tapered fiber diameters. They evidence the generation of Supercontinuum (SC) both at the core and at the cladding. One can see that SC broadens more at the cladding modes when , even with less power compared to the case. This makes senses because is larger for (see Figure 8).
As last step, we analyze how much energy can be transferred from the core to the LP cladding modes as a function of acoustic frequency for different pulse width , , and ; the results are plotted in Figure 11. The energy is normalized according to , where is computed as . From Figure 11, the transferred energy behaves linearly increasing as and increase. This shows that although is proportional to , the nonlinear effects linearize the energy and the slope can be controlled by .
(a)
(b)
6. Conclusions
We have shown a complete procedure to study nonlinear pulse propagation in fiber optics when light is coupled from core mode to LP cladding modes as a consequence of acoustic wave. Based on local bending model, we introduce the concept of total variation of the refractive index as a sum of linear and nonlinear parts (Eqs. (13) and (14)). The procedure is applied to a tapered standard single mode fiber. We show that more energy can be nonlinearly transferred to the cladding if the tapered fiber diameter decreases. In addition, we have proven that the nonlinear effects compensate the coupling coefficients () which is proportional to ; this makes the transferred energy to cladding be linearized with respect to acoustic frequency.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge support from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia for this work (Grants nos. 17505, 25421, and 29900).