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Reference
country | Year(s) of survey | Total sample | Age, range, and mean | Sampling methods | Study design | Response rate (%) | Diagnostic criteria | The main outcomes (CHD/stroke/associated risk factors/mortality rates) | Quality assessment checklist (*) |
|
| CHD studies |
[11]
Saudi Arabia | 1995–2000 | 17293
M: 47.3%
F: 52.04% | 30–70 | Two-stage stratified cluster | National cross-sectional survey | NR | WHO MONICA (monitoring trends and determinant in cardiovascular disease) | Overall prevalence: 5.5%
M: 6.6%
F: 4.4% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[14]
Saudi Arabia | 2005-2006 | 435
M: 77%
F: 23% | 57.1 | No sampling (all ACS patients included with no excluded patients) | Prospective study | NR | The Joint Committee of the European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology (ACC) | Risk factors of ACS: DM 56%, HTN 48%, smoking 39%, and hyperlipidaemia 31% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[13]
(Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, the UAE, and Yemen) | 2007 | 6704
M & F = not clear | 56 | No sampling (all ACS patients included with no excluded patients) | Prospective multinational study | NR | The American College of Cardiology clinical data standards (ACC)/DM, hypertension, dyslipidaemia defined when patients known to have these risk factors and on treatment/regular smoking defined as 1 cigarette per day/nonsmoker after stopping 12 months ago | Overall prevalence: DM 40%, HTN 49%, dyslipidaemia 32%, and smoking 38%
In Oman: DM 37%, HTN, 53%, smoking 18%, dyslipidaemia 35%, and obesity 22%
In the UAE: DM 40%, HTN 50%, smoking 49%, dyslipidaemia 36%, and obesity 20%
In Qatar: DM 46%, HTN 49%, smoking 37%, dyslipidaemia 29%, and obesity 23%
In Bahrain: DM 51%, HTN 60%, smoking 32%, dyslipidaemia 45%, and obesity 28%
In Kuwait: DM 50%, HTN 56%, smoking 40%, dyslipidaemia 37%, and obesity 37% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[12]
(Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, the UAE, and Yemen) | 2007 | 8166
M: 6183
F: 1983 | M: 53 years
F: 62 years | No sampling (all ACS patients included with no excluded patients) | Prospective multinational study | NR | The American College of Cardiology clinical data standards (ACC)/DM, hypertension, dyslipidaemia defined when patients known to have these risk factors and on treatment/regular smoking defined as 1 cigarette per day/nonsmoker after stopped 12 months ago | Associated risk factors in men: DM 36%, HTN 43%, dyslipidaemia 28%, and smoking 47%
In women: DM 55% and HTN 70%,
Dyslipidaemia 44% and smoking 5% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
| Strokes studies |
[15]
Saudi Arabia | 1982–1992 | 500
M: 342
F: 158 | M: 65.2 years
F: 62.2 years | Nonrandom sampling (500 medical records of stroke patients) | Retrospective study | NR | NA | Incidence of stroke:
43.8 per 100,000
30-day mortality: 12%
Stroke types: ischemic strokes (76.2%)
Risk factors: HTN 56%, DM 42%, and smoking 6% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Not well described, 5-N, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[20]
Kuwait | 1989, 1992 and 1993 | Not clear | 60.6 years | Nonrandom (all patients with first-ever stroke, patients with previous stroke were excluded) | Prospective study | NR | WHO definition for diagnosing stroke/HC defined as more than 5.78 mmol/L/smoking as any current use of cigarette/hypertension and DM were not clear | Annual incidence: 27.6 per 100,000
The age-adjusted annual crude incidence: 145.6 per 100,000
30-day mortality: 10%
Stroke types: Carotid-territory large infarction (46.5%), Risk factors:
HTN 53%/DM 42%/HC 61%/smoking 23% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[22]
Kuwait | 2008 | 151
M: 96
F: 55 | 60.5 years | Nonrandom (all ischemic stroke patients, there was an inclusion criterion) | Retrospective study | NR | Stroke defined according to WHO/stroke subtypes was defined according to the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria | Stroke types: Ischemic stroke (90.1%)
Risk factors:
DM 56.3%/dyslipidaemia 57%/HTN 68.9%/smoking 40% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-N, 5-N, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[21]
Kuwait | 1995–1999 | 62
M: 30
F: 32 | 64.1 years | No random (all ischemic stroke patients included) | Retrospective study | NR | Stroke defined according to WHO criteria | Risk factors:
HTN 72.5%/DM 69.4%, dyslipidaemia 30.6%/smoking 1.6%
30-day mortality: 12.9% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[23]
Qatar | 2005–2008 | 116
M: 85%
F: 15% | 53 years | Nonrandom (all patients diagnosed with PCS stroke, there was an inclusion criterion) | Prospective study | NR | Stroke defined according to Kidwell and Warach/DM as fasting blood glucose >140 mg/dL or in medication/hypertension as >140/90 mmHg or on medication/dyslipidaemia as TC >5 mmol/L/smokers as currently smokers or during the last 12 months/obesity as BMI ≥30 | Risk factors:
HTN 61%, DM 44%, obesity 66%, smoking 20%, and dyslipidaemia 12%
30-day mortality rate: 10% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-Partly, 7-NA |
|
[17]
Saudi Arabia | 1989-1990 and 1991–1993 | 488
M: 314
F: 174 | All | Nonrandom (all Saudi patients with first stroke were included, and there was excluded patients) | Prospective register | NR | The WHO multicentre Stroke Register/hypertension defined as BP >160/90 mmHg/DM defined as fasting blood sugar above 6.6 mmol/L | Incidence of stroke:
29.8 per 100,000
Age-adjustment incidence:
125.8 per 100 000
Stroke types: ischemic stroke 69%
Risk factors:
HTN 38.1%/DM 37.1%/smoking 19.3% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[18]
Saudi Arabia | 1997–2000 | 71
M: 55
F: 16 | 63 years | Nonrandom (all stroke patients included, no excluded patients) | Retrospective study | NR | NR | Stroke types: cerebral infarction 80%
Risk factors: DM 27%/HTN 61%/smoking 28%/dyslipidaemia 4%/Ischemic heart disease 8.5%
30-day mortality: 31% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[25]
Qatar | 1997 | 217
M: 72.4%
F: 27.6% | 57 years | Nonrandom (all stroke patients records were reviewed, and only first-ever stroke cases were included) | Retrospective study | NR | Stroke defined according to the WHO criteria | Incidence of stroke: 41 per 100,000
Stroke types: ischemic stroke (80%)
Risk factors:
HTN 63%/DM 42%/Ischemic heart disease 17%
30-day mortality rate: 16% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[19]
Bahrain | 1995 | 144
M & F =
not clear | ≥20 | Nonrandom (all stroke cases were reviewed) | Retrospective study | NR | Stroke defined according to the WHO criteria | Incidence of stroke: 57 per 100,000
Stroke types: cerebral infarction 60%
Risk factors: HTN 52%/DM 20%/dyslipidaemia 29%/smoking 29%/Ischemic heart disease 50% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3- Y, 4-N, 5-N, 6-N, 7-NA |
|
[24]
Qatar | 2001 | 303
M: 72%
F: 28% | 61.2 years | Nonrandom (the data of all stroke patients were reviewed, and there were inclusion criteria) | Retrospective study | NR | Stroke: WHO criteria
HTN: BP >140/90 mmHg or on medication/DM: past history or FPG (>7 mmol/L) or on medication/dyslipidaemia: TC >5.2 mmol/L or TG >2.0 mmol/L or HDL <0.9 mmol/L LDL >3.4 mmol/L/BMI ≥30 kg/m²/smokers: regular smoking within the last 5 years | Risk factors: HTN 69%/DM 51%/dyslipidaemia 57%/obesity 30%/smoking 26%/CAD 23% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-N, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[26]
(Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the UAE) | 2006-2007 | 780
M: 63.7%
F: 36.3% | 58.9 years | No sampling (all ischemic stroke patients were included, and there were inclusion criteria) | Prospective registry | NR | HTN: BP >160/90 mmHg or on medication/DM: past history or elevated A1c or on medication/dyslipidaemia: TC >5.2 mmol/L or TG >1.7 mmol/L or HDL >1.0 mmol/L LDL <3.4 mmol/L/BMI ≥30 kg/m²/smokers: regular smoking within the last 5 years | Risk factors: HTN 66.4%/DM 55.3%/current smokers 19.6%/dyslipidaemia 30.1%
90-day mortality: 2.1% | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-Y, 5-Y, 6-Y, 7-NA |
|
[16]
Saudi Arabia | 1993 | 23,227
M: 49.8%
F: 50.2% | NR | No sampling (all Saudi living in the Thuqbah area were screened) | Community-based cross-sectional survey | NR | Stroke defined “sudden or rapid onset of focal or global brain dysfunction of vascular origin lasting for more than 24 h or leading to death especially if diagnosed by physicians” | The overall prevalence of stroke survivors:
186 per 100 000 | 1-Y, 2-Y, 3-Y, 4-N, 5-Y, 6-N, 7-NA |
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