Household Food Insecurity, Low Dietary Diversity, and Early Marriage Were Predictors for Undernutrition among Pregnant Women Residing in Gambella, Ethiopia

Table 1

Sociodemographic characteristics of pregnant women in Gambella town, March-April 2014.

Socio demographic variables	Category	Number (%)	MUAC ≤ 21 cm	MUAC > 21 cm	Crude odds ratio (95% CI)	value
Age in year	15–19	22 (6.8)	5 (22.7)	17 (77.3)	1.06 (0.36–3.15)	0.98
	20–24	90 (28.0)	29 (32.2)	61 (67.8)	1.71 (0.92–3.2)	0.092
	25–29	115 (35.7)	25 (21.7)	90 (78.3)	1
	30–34	64 (19.9)	24 (37.5)	40 (62.5)	2.16 (1.1–4.23)	0.025
	≥35	31 (9.6)	9 (29.0)	22 (71.0)	1.47	0.396
	Total	322 (100)	92 (28.6)	230 (71.4)
Ethnicity	Agnuak	89 (16.8)	35 (39.3)	54 (60.7)	1
	Nuer	54 (27.6)	22 (40.7)	32 (59.3)	1.06 (0.53–2.11)	0.867
	Oromo	51 (15.8)	7 (13.7)	44 (86.3)	0.25 (0.10–0.61)	0.002
	Amhara	51 (15.8)	12 (23.5)	39 (76.5)	0.48 (0.22–1.03)	0.059
	Kambata	35 (10.9)	10 (28.6)	25 (71.4)	0.62 (0.26–1.14)	0.26
	Tigre	21 (6.5)	2 (9.5)	19 (90.5)	0.1 (0.036–0.74)	0.019
	Mejang	4 (1.2)	1 (25)	3 (75)	0.51 (0.05–5.14)	0.57
	Others	17 (5.3)	3 (17.6)	14 (82.4)	0.33 (0.089–1.24)	0.100
	Total	322 (100)	92 (28.6)	230 (71.4)
Religion	Protestant	127 (39.4)	43 (33.9)	84 (66.1)	1
	Orthodox	80 (24.8)	14 (17.5)	66 (82.5)	0.41 (0.21–0.82)	0.012
	Catholic	67 (20.8)	23 (34.3)	44 (65.7)	1.02 (0.55–1.91)	0.95
	Muslim	27 (8.4)	5 (18.5)	22 (81.5)	0.44 (0.16–1.25)	0.125
	Others	21 (6.8)	7 (33.3)	14 (66.7)	0.98 (0.37–2.6)	0.96
	Total	322 (100)	92 (28.6)	230 (71.4)
Educational status	No formal education	65 (20.2)	23 (35.4)	42 (64.6)	1.91 (0.98–3.71)	0.057
	Primary education	136 (42.2)	42 (30.9)	94 (69.1)	1.56 (0.89–2.73)	0.123
	Secondary and above	121 (37.6)	27 (22.3)	94 (77.7)	1
	Total	322 (100)	92 (28.6)	230 (71.4)
Husband’s educational status	No formal education	34 (10.6)	16 (47.1)	18 (52.9)	2.34 (1.13–4.85)	0.022
	Primary education	41 (12.7)	8 (19.5)	33 (80.5)	0.64 (0.28–1.45)	0.284
	Secondary and above	247 (76.7)	68 (27.5)	179 (72.5)	1
	Total	322 (100)	92 (28.6)	230 (71.4)
Marital status	Married	289 (89.8)	82 (28.4)	207 (71.6)	0.91 (0.42–2.00)	0.82
	Unmarried	33 (10.2)	10 (30.3)	23 (69.7)
	Total	322 (100)	92 (28.6)	230 (71.4)
occupation	Housewife	209 (64.9)	68 (32.5)	141 (67.5)	1.62 (0.83–3.14)	0.154
	Government employee	61 (18.9)	14 (23.0)	47 (77.0)	1
	Merchant	25 (7.8)	5 (20.0)	20 (80.0)	0.84 (0.266–2.644)	0.77
	Others	27 (8.4)	5 (18.5)	22 (81.5)	0.76 (0.24–2.39)	0.64
	Total	322 (100)	92 (28.6)	230 (71.4)
Husband’s occupation	Government employee	189 (58.7)	54 (28.6)	135 (71.4)	1
	Merchant	45 (14.0)	5 (11.1)	40 (88.9)	0.31 (0.12–0.834)	0.02
	Daily laborers	40 (12.4)	16 (40.0)	24 (60.0)	1.67 (0.82–3.38)	0.157
	Others	48 (14.9)	17 (35.4)	31 (64.6)	1.37 (0.70–2.68)	0.356
	Total	322 (100)	92 (28.6)	230 (71.4)
Family size	>5	137 (42.5)	52 (38.0)	85 (62.0)	2.22 (1.36–3.63)	0.001
	≤5	185 (57.5)	40 (21.6)	145 (78.4)
	Total	322 (100)	92 (28.6)	230 (71.4)

Note. 1 = reference.