Household Food Insecurity, Low Dietary Diversity, and Early Marriage Were Predictors for Undernutrition among Pregnant Women Residing in Gambella, Ethiopia

Table 4

Household, individual, and behavioral characteristics of pregnant women in Gambella town, 2014

Variables	Category	Number (%)	MUAC ≤ 21 cm	MUAC > 21 cm	Crude odds ratio (95% CI)	p value
Nutritional knowledge	No	151 (46.9)	57 (37.7)	94 (62.3)	2.4 (1.4–3.9)	0.001
	Yes	171 (53.1)	35 (20.5)	136 (79.5)
Meal frequency	≤3	24 (7.5)	11 (45.8)	13 (54.2)	2.3 (0.98–5.3)	0.057
	≥3	298 (92.5)	81 (27.2)	217 (72.8)
Dietary diversity score	<6	130 (40.4)	54 (41. 5)	76 (58.5)	3.9 (1.8–4.7)	0.001
	≥6	192 (59.6)	38 (19.8)	154 (80.2)
ANC contact	Yes	240 (74.5)	64 (26.7)	176 (73.3)	0.7 (0.4–1.2)	0.197
	No	82 (25.5)	28 (34.1)	54 (65.9)
Number of children	0	73 (22.7)	20 (27.4)	53 (72.6)	1
	1–4	203 (63.0)	54 (26.4)	149 (73.4)	0.96 (0.5–1.8)	0.895
	≥5	46 (14.3)	18 (39.1)	28 (60.9)	1.7 (0.8–3.7)	0.183
Birth interval in year	≤3	206 (64.0)	61 (29.6)	145 (70.4)	1.6 (0.7–3.9)	0.283
	>3	34 (10.6)	7 (20.6)	27 (79.4)
Latrine possession	No	88 (27.3)	39 (44.3)	49 (55.7)	2.7 (1.6–4.6)	0.001
	Yes	234 (72.7)	53 (22.6)	181 (77.4)
Household food insecurity	Yes	137 (42.5)	61 (44.5)	76 (55.5)	4.0 (2.4–6.7)	0.001
	No	165 (57.5)	31 (16.8)	154 (83.2)	1

Note. 1 = reference.