Community Involvement and Perceptions of the Community-Based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) Strategy for Improving Health Outcomes in Ghana: Quantitative Comparative Evidence from Two System Learning Districts of the CHPS+ Project
Table 3
Influence of sociodemographic characteristics and involvement on the perception of CHPS.
Variables
Level of perception
Chi-square (χ2) value
COR (95% CI) value
AOR (95% CI) value
Poor perception (n = 487) n (%)
Good perception (n = 521) n (%)
District
Central Tongu
282 (57.9)
222 (42.6)
Ref.
Ref.
Nkwanta South
205 (42.1)
299 (57.4)
23.55 (<0.001)
1.85 (1.44, 2.37) <0.001
1.88 (1.43, 2.49) <0.001
Sex
Male
188 (38.6)
253 (48.6)
Ref.
Ref.
Female
299 (61.4)
268 (51.4)
10.14 (0.001)
0.66 (0.51, 0.86) 0.001
0.55 (0.40, 0.75) <0.001
Age group
<30
162 (33.3)
134 (25.7)
Ref.
Ref.
30–39
135 (27.7)
135 (26.9)
1.21 (0.86, 1.68) 0.261
0.90 (0.61, 1.33) 0.623
40–49
88 (18.1)
114 (21.9)
1.56 (1.09, 2.24) 0.015
1.01 (0.66, 1.54) 0.953
50+
102 (20.9)
138 (26.4)
10.26 (0.016)
1.63 (1.16, 2.30) 0.005
1.08 (0.70, 1.66) 0.720
Marital status
Married/cohabiting
374 (76.8)
443 (85.0)
Ref.
Ref.
Divorced/separated
21 (4.3)
17 (3.3)
0.68 (0.35, 1.31) 0.254
0.59 (0.29, 1.20) 0.147
Widowed
24 (4.9)
19 (3.7)
0.66 (0.36, 1.24) 0.201
0.69 (0.34, 1.41) 0.315
Never married and never lived together
68 (14.0)
42 (8.0)
11.84 (0.008)
0.52 (0.34, 0.78) 0.002
0.69 (0.42, 1.14) 0.147
Occupation
Unemployed
45 (9.2)
30 (5.8)
Ref.
Ref.
Trading
68 (13.9)
71 (13.6)
1.57 (0.88, 2.76) 0.122
1.26 (0.63, 2.52) 0.514
Farming
274 (56.3)
352 (67.5)
1.92 (1.18, 3.13) 0.008
1.29 (0.69, 2.39) 0.426
Tradesman
36 (7.4)
30 (5.8)
1.25 (0.64, 2.44) 0.514
0.64 (0.28, 1.43) 0.279
Seamstress/hairdresser
33 (6.8)
18 (3.5)
0.81 (0.39, 1.71) 0.594
0.70 (0.30, 1.65) 0.422
Civil servant
31 (6.4)
20 (3.8)
18.98 (0.002)
0.97 (0.47, 2.00) 0.930
0.55 (0.23, 1.32) 0.186
Income (in GHC)
Very low (<100)
133 (25.9)
105 (21.3)
Ref.
Ref.
Low (100–499)
312 (60.7)
295 (60.0)
1.62 (1.19, 2.19) 0.002
1.52 (1.04, 2.19) 0.027
High (500–999)
46 (8.9)
60 (12.2)
1.43 (0.91, 2.27) 0.121
1.27 (0.74, 2.19) 0.381
Very high (1000+)
23 (4.5)
32 (6.5)
10.05 (0.018)
1.60 (0.88, 2.88) 0.118
1.67 (0.82, 3.38) 0.158
NHIS status
Nonsubscriber
279 (57.3)
262 (50.3)
Ref.
Ref.
Active subscriber
208 (42.7)
259 (49.7)
4.96 (0.026)
1.32 (1.03, 1.69) 0.026
1.37 (1.03, 1.82) 0.028
Involvement in decision making
Disagree
91 (18.7)
40 (7.7)
Ref.
Ref.
Agree
396 (81.3)
481 (92.3)
26.97 (<0.001)
2.76 (1.86, 4.10) <0.001
0.95 (0.51, 1.77) 0.876
Involvement in setting community health priorities
Disagree
122 (25.1)
57 (10.9)
Ref.
Ref.
Agree
365 (74.9)
465 (89.1)
34.31 (<0.001)
2.72 (1.93, 3.83) <0.001
1.08 (0.62, 1.89) 0.777
Involvement in identifying resources
Disagree
148 (30.4)
66 (12.7)
Ref.
Ref.
Agree
339 (69.6)
455 (87.3)
47.27 (<0.001)
3.0 (2.18, 4.15) <0.001
1.86 (1.17, 2.97) 0.009
Involvement in the implementation action
Disagree
116 (23.8)
60 (11.5)
Ref.
Ref.
Agree
371 (76.2)
461 (88.5)
26.43 (<0.001)
2.40 (1.71, 3.37) <0.001
0.84 (0.52, 1.37) 0.501
Involvement in the organising durbar
Disagree
73 (15.0)
18 (3.5)
Ref.
Ref.
Agree
414 (85.0)
503 (96.5)
40.77 (<0.001)
4.92 (2.89, 8.38) <0.001
2.09 (1.12, 3.88) 0.020
Involvement in preparing sites for outreach services
