Utilization and Determinants of Antenatal Care Visits in East African Countries: A Multicountry Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys

Table 3

The multivariable logistic regression of completed the recommended at least four antenatal care visits in the 12 East African countries from 2008 to 2018.

Variables	Crude odds ratio (95% CI)	value	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	value
Country
Burundi	0.31 (0.27, 0.35)	<0.001	0.47 (0.46, 0.55)	<0.001
Ethiopia	0.14 (0.12, 0.17)	<0.001	0.21 (0.18, 0.25)	<0.001
Kenya	0.43 (0.38, 0.48)	<0.001	0.49 (0.42, 0.56)	<0.001
Comoros	0.30 (0.25, 0.36)	<0.001	0.44 (0.36, 0.53)	<0.001
Madagascar	0.37 (0.27, 0.35)	<0.001	0.40 (0.35, 0.47)	<0.001
Malawi	0.32 (0.29, 0.35)	<0.001	0.39 (0.34, 0.45)	<0.001
Mozambique	0.33 (0.29, 0.38)	<0.001	0.50 (0.43, 0.58)	<0.001
Rwanda	0.25 (0.22, 0.28)	<0.001	0.31 (0.27, 0.36)	<0.001
Tanzania	0.32 (0.28, 0.37)	<0.001	0.33 (0.26, 0.42)	<0.001
Uganda	0.47 (0.42, 0.53)	<0.001	0.60 (0.52, 0.69)	<0.001
Zambia	0.39 (0.35, 0.45)	<0.001	0.46 (0.40, 0.53)	<0.001
Zimbabwe	1	—	1	—
Residence
Urban	1	—	1	—
Rural	0.57 (0.54, 0.60)	<0.001	0.95 (0.89, 1.01)	0.144
Age group
15–24	1	—	1	—
25–34	1.08 (1.04, 1.12)	<0.001	1.24 (1.18, 1.31)	<0.001
35–49	0.96 (0.92, 1.01)	<0.001	1.42 (1.32, 1.53)	<0.001
Marital status
Single	1	—	1	—
Married	1.07 (1.03, 1.11)	<0.001	1.11 (1.05, 1.16)	<0.001
Educational status
No education	1	—	1	—
Primary	1.60 (1.52, 1.68)	<0.001	1.20 (1.13, 1.27)	<0.001
Secondary	2.59 (2.44, 2.76)	<0.001	1.35 (1.24, 1.47)	<0.001
Higher	5.47 (1.84, 6.19)	<0.001	1.91 (1.62, 2.14)	<0.001
Husband education
No education	1	—	1	—
Primary	1.42 (1.35, 1.52)	<0.001	1.09 (1.03, 1.15)	<0.001
Secondary	2.29 (2.15, 2.44)	<0.001	1.22 (1.14, 1.31)	<0.001
Higher	3.70 (3.33, 4.10)	<0.001	1.51 (1.35, 1.70)	<0.001
Literacy level
Cannot read	1	—	1	—
Can read	1.69 (1.62, 1.72)	<0.001	1.03 (0.98, 1.08)	0.203
Maternal occupation
Had no occupation	1	—	—	—
Had occupation	1.06 (1.01, 1.11)	<0.001	1.06 (1.01, 1.11)	<0.001
Birth order
1	1	—	1	—
2–4	0.87 (0.83, 0.90)	<0.001	0.75 (0.70, 0.79)	<0.001
5+	0.65 (0.62, 0.68)	<0.001	0.63 (0.58, 0.68)	<0.001
Pregnancy wanted
Yes	1	—	1	—
No	0.76 (0.72, 0.81)	<0.001	0.81 (0.75, 0.86)	<0.001
Contraceptive utilization
No	1	—	1	—
Yes	1.59 (1.51, 1.66)	<0.001	1.36 (1.29, 1.43)	<0.001
Wealth index
Poor	1	—	1	—
Middle	1.21 (1.15, 1.26)	<0.001	1.11 (1.05, 1.17)	<0.001
Rich	1.77 (1.70, 1.86)	<0.001	1.25 (1.18, 1.32)	<0.001
Accessing health care
Not a serious problem	1	—	1	—
Serious problem	0.73 (0.70, 0.76)	<0.001	0.93 (0.89, 0.97)	<0.001

CI = confidence interval; ANC = antenatal care.