Congestive Heart Failure Patients’ Pulse Rate Progression and Time to Death at Debre Tabor Referral Hospital, Ethiopia

Table 5

Joint model analysis of PR and the time to death of CHF patient’s data at DTRH.

Longitudinal process					Survival process
Parameter		Se ()		value	Parameter		Se ()	HR	value
Intercept	103.15	4.71		<0.001	Sex (male)	1.393	0.761	4.027	0.028
Age	−0.097	0.042		0.021	Residence (urban)	0.090	0.842	1.094	0.020
Residence (urban)	−3.590	1.870		0.006	LVEF	−0.026	0.011	0.974	0.027
Sex (male)	5.910	1.960		0.003	Weight	−0.017	0.017	0.983	0.326
HTN (yes)	1.517	1.760		0.039	HTN (yes)	0.737	0.920	2.090	0.423
CHF type (ref = biventricular)
Right ventricular	−2.679		2.130	0.209	Right ventricular	−0.573	0.823	0.564	0.485
Left ventricular	−3.871		2.057	0.012	Left ventricular	0.614	0.573	1.848	0.284
LVEF	−0.161		0.047	<0.001	NYHA class
NYHA (ref = class II)					Class III	3.010	2.957	20.290	<0.001
Class III	3.632		2.239	0.105	Class IV	3.570	2.773	35.520	<0.001
Class IV	8.314		2.159	<0.001	CKD (yes)	−0.600	0.946	0.549	0.526
DM (yes)	5.314		2.011	0.008	DM (yes)	0.313	0.439	1.368	0.005
TB (yes)	7.017		2.503	0.005	TB (yes)	1.141	0.631	3.130	0.071
Etiology (ref = VHD)					Gamma_1 (α)	0.018	0.009	1.018	0.045
HHD	−6.399		2.424	0.008
IHD	0.991		2.845	0.728
Cor pulmonale	−2.061		3.058	0.500
Dilated cardiomyopathy	−2.439		2.561	0.341
Other etiologies	−1.928		2.751	0.484
Observation time	−0.677		0.216	0.002
Random effect	Std. dev
^Intercept(b0i^)	202.930
^Obstime(b1i^)	5.795
^Cov(b0i^,b1i^)	−26.890
Residual (εi)	9.914

CHF = congestive heart failure, CKD = chronic kidney disease, DM = diabetes mellitus, HHD = hypertensive heart disease, HTN = hypertension, IHD = ischemic heart disease, LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction, NYHA = New York Heart Association, PR = pulse rate, Ref = reference category, Se = standard error, TB = tuberculosis, and VHD = valvular heart disease.