Access Differentials in Primary Healthcare among Vulnerable Populations in a Health Insurance Setting in Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 5
Prevalence ratios and 95% CI for the association between the type of vulnerability and healthcare utilization.
Covariates
Access to medications
PR [95% CI]
Model 1 PR [95% CI]
Model 2 PR [95% CI]
Vulnerable groups
Elderly
1.00
1.00
1.00
Pregnant women
0.88 [0.80, 0.98]
0.99 [0.80, 1.22]
0.90 [0.72, 1.12]
Head porters
0.94 [0.84, 1.06]
1.13 [0.86, 1.49]
1.05 [0.82, 1.34]
Sex workers
0.99 [0.90, 1.10]
1.22 [0.94, 1.57]
1.09 [0.84, 1.42]
Others
0.90 [0.77, 1.05]
1.28 [0.80, 2.04]
1.17 [0.75, 1.83]
Sociodemographic characteristics
Gender, female
1.08 [0.93, 1.26]
1.08 [0.95, 1.23]
Age
1.00 [0.99, 1.00]
1.00 [0.96, 1.01]
Level of education
None
1.00
1.00
Basic
0.96 [0.87, 1.06]
1.06 [0.96, 1.18]
Senior high school
0.86 [0.73, 1.01]
0.92 [0.78, 1.09]
Tertiary
1.18 [1.05, 1.31]
1.34 [1.16, 1.53]
Unemployed
1.14 [1.01, 1.28]
1.06 [1.03, 1.09]
Marital status
Single
1.00
1.00
Married/cohabitation
0.89 [0.75, 1.05]
0.96 [0.82, 1.13]
Divorced/widow
0.98 [0.82, 1.15]
1.08 [0.94, 1.24]
Number of children
1.08 [1.05, 1.12]
1.06 [1.03, 1.09]
Religion
Christian
1.00
1.00
Muslim
0.94 [0.79, 1.05]
1.06 [0.90, 1.25]
Others
0.99 [0.84, 1.16]
0.80 [0.67, 0.96]
Wealth quintiles
Low
1.00
1.00
Medium
1.02 [0.93, 1.22]
1.03 [0.94, 1.13]
High
0.88 [0.79, 0.96]
0.86[0.77, 0.95]
Healthcare-related factors
NHIS
0.58 [0.52, 0.65]
Exemption
1.15 [1.05, 1.26]
;;; NHIS = National Health Insurance Scheme; PR = prevalence ratios. Access to medications within the past twelve months.
